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Systemic Pathology 500 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Genital Warts

A

AKA verrucae

Benign, viral infection

HPV

Affect 80% of women by age 50

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2
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Caused primarily by hepes simplex 2 (can also be caused by HS1)

Asymptomatic viral shedding –> transmission

Small, painful, fluid filled blisters.

Stays dormant in dorsal root ganglia

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3
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes

Often combined with epididymitis

Swollen, painful testes.

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4
Q

Orchitis often results from:

A

Chlamyidia.

But can also result from bladder infection, urethritis, gonorrhoea, surgery, the mumps, etc.

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5
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of epidymis

Pain, urinary dysfunction, fever, discharge.

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6
Q

What is epididymitis usually the result of?

A

Urethritis or prostatitis

In the young, the sowing of wild oats (complication of STI)

In the older, complication of prostate surgery, catheterization or urinary obstruction.

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7
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of urethra

If purulent, results from gonorrhoeae

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8
Q

Four categories of prostatitis

A
  1. Acute bacterial
  2. Chronic bacterial
  3. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome [idiopathic: most common]
  4. Asymptomatic inflammatory
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9
Q

Prostatitis is often preceded by

A

UTI

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10
Q

Testicular Torsion

A

Abnormal twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord
Twisted cord cuts off blood supply to the testis

Most often affects mens between puberty and 25

Treatment: immediate surgery

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11
Q

Testicular torsion is usually the result of:

A

Congenital abnormality of the spermatic cord

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12
Q

Two forms of testicular cancer

A

Seminoma (95%) – germ cell

Nonseminoma (5%) – nongerm cell

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13
Q

What is the most common solid organ tumour in young men?

A

Testicular

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14
Q

What congenital factors increase risk of testicular cancer?

A

Cryptorchidism (undescending testicle)

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

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15
Q

Testicular cancer and metastasis

A

Rarely results from other cancers, but almost always metastasizes within 5 years.

50% of metastasis seminoma, the rest undifferentiated and nonseminomatous

Usually metastasizes to lymphatics, bone, liver, lung

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16
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

Idiopathic, age related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland

Affects 75% of men over 50

Hormone imbalance –> proliferation of cells –> narrowing of lumen

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17
Q

The majority of prostate cancers are:

A

Adenocarcinomas (98%)

[Ductal and transitional cell carcinomas 2%]

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18
Q

Most frequently diagnosed visceral malignancy in US men?

A

Prostate cancer

second most common cause of male death

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19
Q

Testosterone and prostate cancer

A

Protective beforhand; stimulates growth once tumour established.

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20
Q

Spread of prostate cancer

A

Develops in periphery of prostate, infiltrates stroma, spreads to axial musculoskeleton system, lungs, lymphatics

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21
Q

Prostate cancer: sx

A

asymptomatic until advanced stages

Then urinary obstruction, pain, fatigue, weight loss.

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22
Q

Complications of prostate cancer:

A

Incontinence

Rectal cancer

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23
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast infection
Candida albicans

Itching, discharge

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24
Q

PID

A

Inflammation of the upper reproductive tract

Common cause of infertility, pain, and ectopic pregnancy

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25
Q

Cervicitis

A

Infection of the cervix

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26
Q

Salpingitis

A

Infection of the fallopian tubes

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27
Q

Endometritis

A

Infection of the uterus

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28
Q

Oophoritis

A

Infection of the ovaries

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29
Q

Peritonitis

A

Infection of the peritoneum

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30
Q

Cervical Erosion

A

Erosion of the cells at the cervical os

Common. Usually asymptomatic, and require no treatment.

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31
Q

Cervical Eversion

A

Columnar tissue that grows beyond or drops out of its normal place in the cervical canal.

May result from infection, or be inherent.

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32
Q

Cervical Polyps

A

Common benign growths of cervix or endocervix
Usually due to chronic inflammation

May bleed, or become infected (purulent vaginal discharge). Almost always benign.

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33
Q

Parity

A

Having had pregnancies lasting more than 20 weeks

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34
Q

What disorders are associated with high parity?

A

Cervical cancer

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35
Q

Cervical cancer: prognosis

A

Good. Slow growing, easily detectable and responds well to treatment.

36
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

A

Benign overgrowth of the endometrium
Due to excess estrogen, not enough progesterone
Most common symptom: abnormal bleeding
Can lead to endometrial cancer

37
Q

Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia

A

Menopausal, infrequent/absent periods, being overweight, PCOS, diabetes

38
Q

Endometriosis

A

Estrogen-dependent, non-cancerous in which functioning endometrial tissue implants outside of the uterine cavity

Increased incidence with family history, with delayed childbirth, shortened cycles or longer periods

39
Q

Disorders associated with low parity

A

Endometriosis
Uterine cancer
Ovarian neoplasms

40
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Fibroids
Benign uterine tumours of smooth muscle organs
Affects 25% adult women

41
Q

Primary cause of hysterectomies

A

leiomyomas

42
Q

Most common reproductive cancers in women

A
  1. uterine
  2. ovarian
  3. cervical
43
Q

Symptoms of leiomyomas

A 
Anemia
Heavy bleeding
Pain
Constipation
Nocturia
LBP
44
Q

Uterine Cancer

A

Results from imbalance between estrogen and progesterone

Irregular bleeding

45
Q

How does uterine cancer spread?

A

Uterine cavity to cervix
Peritoneal cavity
Fallopian tubes, ovary, broad ligament,
Bloodstream, lymphatics

46
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

Functional cysts, unruptured follicles
Benign, idopathic, asymptomatic.

Usually resolve spontaneously

47
Q

Follicular Cyst

A

Unruptured graafian follicles.

Fluid filled

48
Q

Luteal Cyst

A

Corpus luteum does not transform into corpus albicans.

Fluid filled

49
Q

PCOS

A

Stein-Levantal syndrome
Related to inherited insulin resistance
20% women

Endrogen –> GnRH –> LH positive feedback loop

Abnormal maturation of ovarian follicles, development of multiple cysts and persistent anovualtion.

50
Q

Deadliest reproductive cancer for women

A

Ovarian (but 2nd most common)

51
Q

Nulliparous

A

No pregnancies

Increases risk of ovarian neoplasms

52
Q

Types of benign ovarian neoplasms

A
  1. mucinous crystadenoma
  2. serous crystadenoma
  3. benign teratomas
53
Q

Mucinous cystadenoma

A

Benign ovarian neoplasm. “Jelly belly”
Involves surface epithelium
Usually unilateral
Filled with thick yellow/white jelly

54
Q

Serous cystadenoma

A

Most common benign surface epithelial tumour

Often several clear-liquid filled cysts lumped together without a common outer capsule (grapes)

55
Q

Benign teratoma

A

Germ cell tumour. “Dermoid cysts”

Cyst lined with hairy skin.

56
Q

Types of malignant primary ovarian tumours

A
  1. serous cystadenocarcinoma
  2. mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
  3. papillary cystadenocarcinoma
  4. serous papillary crystadenocarcinoma
57
Q

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

A

Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with clear fluid

58
Q

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

A

Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with mucous.

59
Q

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma

A

Malignant ovarian tumour.

Elements arranged in finger-like projections

60
Q

Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma

A

40% of all ovarian cancers

The most common malignant tumour

61
Q

When ovarian tumours are secondary, from whence do they originate?

A

Mostly endometrium and breast

62
Q

Krukenberg tumour

A

Ovarian enlargement secondary to stomach carcinoma

63
Q

Hypermesis Gravidarum

A

Crazy morning sickness

64
Q

Cardinal sign of hypermesis gravidarum

A

Weight loss while pregnant

65
Q

Toxemia

A

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

66
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Pregnancy -induced high blood pressure plus proteinuria

Increased reflex reactivity, petechia

67
Q

Eclampsia

A

Preeclampsia plus seizures

25% postpartum

68
Q

Salpingostomy

A

Removal of embryo in ectopic pregnancy

69
Q

Salpingectomy

A

Removal of entire fallopian tube

70
Q

What viruses are most often related to miscarriage

A

TORCH viruses

Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Rubella

71
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Implantation of the placenta over or near the cervix

Can cause painless bleeding, which can become profuse and dangerous.

Cesarean section

72
Q

Abruptio Placentae

A

Premature disruption of a normally positioned placemnt.

Most common among women with high blood pressure

73
Q

Hydatidiform Mole

A

Growth of an abnormal fertilized egg or an overgrowth of placental tissue.

80% disappear spontaneously

74
Q

Complete mole

A

Maternal DNA destroyed (androgenesis); 46 chromosomes all from the father.

Correct number of chromosomes, but incorrect makeup

75
Q

Incomplete mole

A

One egg, two sperm = 69 chromosomes

76
Q

Invasive Mole

A

Hydatidiform mole that persists and invades surrounding tissue

77
Q

Choriocarcinomas

A

Malignant tumour derived from invasive mole.
2-3% of invasive moles

Bulky nodule in placental bed. Uterus. Vagina.
Can spread through lymphatics or bloodstream. Lung, liver, brain.

78
Q

Mastitis

A

Most common inflammatory disease of the breast.

Most often when lactating. Most often bacterial.

79
Q

Benign breast disease and fibroadenoma

A

Mammary dysplasia
Fibrocystic breast disease
Tissue nodularity
Mastalgia

Common benign breast irregularities

Related to estrogen levels

80
Q

Fat necrosis of the breast

A

Usually follows trauma

Most often in obese women

81
Q

Different categories of breast cancer

A
  1. Ductal in situ (DCIS)
  2. Invasive ductal (IDC)
  3. Invasive lobular carcinoma
  4. Medullary, tubular, mucinous
  5. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
  6. Paget’s disease of the nipple
82
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Most common type of in situ cancer (30%).

Highly treatable

83
Q

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

A

Most common invasive breast cancer
Begins in duct
Breaks though into fatty tissue and then lymphatics

84
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

Rare, aggressive, invasive ductal cancer.

Presents similar to infection.

85
Q

Most common metastasis of Breast Cancer

A

Bones – vertebrae, pelvis, hip, ribs, femur, humerus

Systemic Pathology 500 (3 decks)

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