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Systemic Pathology 500 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Genital Warts

A

AKA verrucae

Benign, viral infection

HPV

Affect 80% of women by age 50

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2
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Caused primarily by hepes simplex 2 (can also be caused by HS1)

Asymptomatic viral shedding –> transmission

Small, painful, fluid filled blisters.

Stays dormant in dorsal root ganglia

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3
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes

Often combined with epididymitis

Swollen, painful testes.

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4
Q

Orchitis often results from:

A

Chlamyidia.

But can also result from bladder infection, urethritis, gonorrhoea, surgery, the mumps, etc.

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5
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of epidymis

Pain, urinary dysfunction, fever, discharge.

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6
Q

What is epididymitis usually the result of?

A

Urethritis or prostatitis

In the young, the sowing of wild oats (complication of STI)

In the older, complication of prostate surgery, catheterization or urinary obstruction.

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7
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of urethra

If purulent, results from gonorrhoeae

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8
Q

Four categories of prostatitis

A
  1. Acute bacterial
  2. Chronic bacterial
  3. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome [idiopathic: most common]
  4. Asymptomatic inflammatory
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9
Q

Prostatitis is often preceded by

A

UTI

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10
Q

Testicular Torsion

A

Abnormal twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord
Twisted cord cuts off blood supply to the testis

Most often affects mens between puberty and 25

Treatment: immediate surgery

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11
Q

Testicular torsion is usually the result of:

A

Congenital abnormality of the spermatic cord

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12
Q

Two forms of testicular cancer

A

Seminoma (95%) – germ cell

Nonseminoma (5%) – nongerm cell

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13
Q

What is the most common solid organ tumour in young men?

A

Testicular

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14
Q

What congenital factors increase risk of testicular cancer?

A

Cryptorchidism (undescending testicle)

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

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15
Q

Testicular cancer and metastasis

A

Rarely results from other cancers, but almost always metastasizes within 5 years.

50% of metastasis seminoma, the rest undifferentiated and nonseminomatous

Usually metastasizes to lymphatics, bone, liver, lung

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16
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

Idiopathic, age related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland

Affects 75% of men over 50

Hormone imbalance –> proliferation of cells –> narrowing of lumen

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17
Q

The majority of prostate cancers are:

A

Adenocarcinomas (98%)

[Ductal and transitional cell carcinomas 2%]

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18
Q

Most frequently diagnosed visceral malignancy in US men?

A

Prostate cancer

second most common cause of male death

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19
Q

Testosterone and prostate cancer

A

Protective beforhand; stimulates growth once tumour established.

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20
Q

Spread of prostate cancer

A

Develops in periphery of prostate, infiltrates stroma, spreads to axial musculoskeleton system, lungs, lymphatics

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21
Q

Prostate cancer: sx

A

asymptomatic until advanced stages

Then urinary obstruction, pain, fatigue, weight loss.

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22
Q

Complications of prostate cancer:

A

Incontinence

Rectal cancer

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23
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast infection
Candida albicans

Itching, discharge

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24
Q

PID

A

Inflammation of the upper reproductive tract

Common cause of infertility, pain, and ectopic pregnancy

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25
Cervicitis
Infection of the cervix
26
Salpingitis
Infection of the fallopian tubes
27
Endometritis
Infection of the uterus
28
Oophoritis
Infection of the ovaries
29
Peritonitis
Infection of the peritoneum
30
Cervical Erosion
Erosion of the cells at the cervical os | Common. Usually asymptomatic, and require no treatment.
31
Cervical Eversion
Columnar tissue that grows beyond or drops out of its normal place in the cervical canal. May result from infection, or be inherent.
32
Cervical Polyps
Common benign growths of cervix or endocervix Usually due to chronic inflammation May bleed, or become infected (purulent vaginal discharge). Almost always benign.
33
Parity
Having had pregnancies lasting more than 20 weeks
34
What disorders are associated with high parity?
Cervical cancer
35
Cervical cancer: prognosis
Good. Slow growing, easily detectable and responds well to treatment.
36
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign overgrowth of the endometrium Due to excess estrogen, not enough progesterone Most common symptom: abnormal bleeding Can lead to endometrial cancer
37
Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia
Menopausal, infrequent/absent periods, being overweight, PCOS, diabetes
38
Endometriosis
Estrogen-dependent, non-cancerous in which functioning endometrial tissue implants outside of the uterine cavity Increased incidence with family history, with delayed childbirth, shortened cycles or longer periods
39
Disorders associated with low parity
Endometriosis Uterine cancer Ovarian neoplasms
40
Leiomyoma
Fibroids Benign uterine tumours of smooth muscle organs Affects 25% adult women
41
Primary cause of hysterectomies
leiomyomas
42
Most common reproductive cancers in women
1. uterine 2. ovarian 3. cervical
43
Symptoms of leiomyomas
``` Anemia Heavy bleeding Pain Constipation Nocturia LBP ```
44
Uterine Cancer
Results from imbalance between estrogen and progesterone Irregular bleeding
45
How does uterine cancer spread?
Uterine cavity to cervix Peritoneal cavity Fallopian tubes, ovary, broad ligament, Bloodstream, lymphatics
46
Ovarian cysts
Functional cysts, unruptured follicles Benign, idopathic, asymptomatic. Usually resolve spontaneously
47
Follicular Cyst
Unruptured graafian follicles. | Fluid filled
48
Luteal Cyst
Corpus luteum does not transform into corpus albicans. | Fluid filled
49
PCOS
Stein-Levantal syndrome Related to inherited insulin resistance 20% women Endrogen --> GnRH --> LH positive feedback loop Abnormal maturation of ovarian follicles, development of multiple cysts and persistent anovualtion.
50
Deadliest reproductive cancer for women
Ovarian (but 2nd most common)
51
Nulliparous
No pregnancies | Increases risk of ovarian neoplasms
52
Types of benign ovarian neoplasms
1. mucinous crystadenoma 2. serous crystadenoma 3. benign teratomas
53
Mucinous cystadenoma
Benign ovarian neoplasm. "Jelly belly" Involves surface epithelium Usually unilateral Filled with thick yellow/white jelly
54
Serous cystadenoma
Most common benign surface epithelial tumour | Often several clear-liquid filled cysts lumped together without a common outer capsule (grapes)
55
Benign teratoma
Germ cell tumour. "Dermoid cysts" Cyst lined with hairy skin.
56
Types of malignant primary ovarian tumours
1. serous cystadenocarcinoma 2. mucinous cystadenocarcinoma 3. papillary cystadenocarcinoma 4. serous papillary crystadenocarcinoma
57
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with clear fluid
58
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with mucous.
59
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour. | Elements arranged in finger-like projections
60
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
40% of all ovarian cancers | The most common malignant tumour
61
When ovarian tumours are secondary, from whence do they originate?
Mostly endometrium and breast
62
Krukenberg tumour
Ovarian enlargement secondary to stomach carcinoma
63
Hypermesis Gravidarum
Crazy morning sickness
64
Cardinal sign of hypermesis gravidarum
Weight loss while pregnant
65
Toxemia
Preeclampsia and eclampsia
66
Preeclampsia
Pregnancy -induced high blood pressure plus proteinuria | Increased reflex reactivity, petechia
67
Eclampsia
Preeclampsia plus seizures | 25% postpartum
68
Salpingostomy
Removal of embryo in ectopic pregnancy
69
Salpingectomy
Removal of entire fallopian tube
70
What viruses are most often related to miscarriage
TORCH viruses Cytomegalovirus Herpes Rubella
71
Placenta Previa
Implantation of the placenta over or near the cervix Can cause painless bleeding, which can become profuse and dangerous. Cesarean section
72
Abruptio Placentae
Premature disruption of a normally positioned placemnt. Most common among women with high blood pressure
73
Hydatidiform Mole
Growth of an abnormal fertilized egg or an overgrowth of placental tissue. 80% disappear spontaneously
74
Complete mole
Maternal DNA destroyed (androgenesis); 46 chromosomes all from the father. Correct number of chromosomes, but incorrect makeup
75
Incomplete mole
One egg, two sperm = 69 chromosomes
76
Invasive Mole
Hydatidiform mole that persists and invades surrounding tissue
77
Choriocarcinomas
Malignant tumour derived from invasive mole. 2-3% of invasive moles Bulky nodule in placental bed. Uterus. Vagina. Can spread through lymphatics or bloodstream. Lung, liver, brain.
78
Mastitis
Most common inflammatory disease of the breast. Most often when lactating. Most often bacterial.
79
Benign breast disease and fibroadenoma
Mammary dysplasia Fibrocystic breast disease Tissue nodularity Mastalgia Common benign breast irregularities Related to estrogen levels
80
Fat necrosis of the breast
Usually follows trauma | Most often in obese women
81
Different categories of breast cancer
1. Ductal in situ (DCIS) 2. Invasive ductal (IDC) 3. Invasive lobular carcinoma 4. Medullary, tubular, mucinous 5. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) 6. Paget's disease of the nipple
82
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Most common type of in situ cancer (30%). | Highly treatable
83
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Most common invasive breast cancer Begins in duct Breaks though into fatty tissue and then lymphatics
84
Inflammatory breast cancer
Rare, aggressive, invasive ductal cancer. | Presents similar to infection.
85
Most common metastasis of Breast Cancer
Bones -- vertebrae, pelvis, hip, ribs, femur, humerus

Systemic Pathology 500 (3 decks)

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