Reproductive System Flashcards
Genital Warts
AKA verrucae
Benign, viral infection
HPV
Affect 80% of women by age 50
Genital Herpes
Caused primarily by hepes simplex 2 (can also be caused by HS1)
Asymptomatic viral shedding –> transmission
Small, painful, fluid filled blisters.
Stays dormant in dorsal root ganglia
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testes
Often combined with epididymitis
Swollen, painful testes.
Orchitis often results from:
Chlamyidia.
But can also result from bladder infection, urethritis, gonorrhoea, surgery, the mumps, etc.
Epididymitis
Inflammation of epidymis
Pain, urinary dysfunction, fever, discharge.
What is epididymitis usually the result of?
Urethritis or prostatitis
In the young, the sowing of wild oats (complication of STI)
In the older, complication of prostate surgery, catheterization or urinary obstruction.
Urethritis
Inflammation of urethra
If purulent, results from gonorrhoeae
Four categories of prostatitis
- Acute bacterial
- Chronic bacterial
- Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome [idiopathic: most common]
- Asymptomatic inflammatory
Prostatitis is often preceded by
UTI
Testicular Torsion
Abnormal twisting of a testis on its spermatic cord
Twisted cord cuts off blood supply to the testis
Most often affects mens between puberty and 25
Treatment: immediate surgery
Testicular torsion is usually the result of:
Congenital abnormality of the spermatic cord
Two forms of testicular cancer
Seminoma (95%) – germ cell
Nonseminoma (5%) – nongerm cell
What is the most common solid organ tumour in young men?
Testicular
What congenital factors increase risk of testicular cancer?
Cryptorchidism (undescending testicle)
Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
Testicular cancer and metastasis
Rarely results from other cancers, but almost always metastasizes within 5 years.
50% of metastasis seminoma, the rest undifferentiated and nonseminomatous
Usually metastasizes to lymphatics, bone, liver, lung
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Idiopathic, age related non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland
Affects 75% of men over 50
Hormone imbalance –> proliferation of cells –> narrowing of lumen
The majority of prostate cancers are:
Adenocarcinomas (98%)
[Ductal and transitional cell carcinomas 2%]
Most frequently diagnosed visceral malignancy in US men?
Prostate cancer
second most common cause of male death
Testosterone and prostate cancer
Protective beforhand; stimulates growth once tumour established.
Spread of prostate cancer
Develops in periphery of prostate, infiltrates stroma, spreads to axial musculoskeleton system, lungs, lymphatics
Prostate cancer: sx
asymptomatic until advanced stages
Then urinary obstruction, pain, fatigue, weight loss.
Complications of prostate cancer:
Incontinence
Rectal cancer
Candidiasis
Yeast infection
Candida albicans
Itching, discharge
PID
Inflammation of the upper reproductive tract
Common cause of infertility, pain, and ectopic pregnancy
Cervicitis
Infection of the cervix
Salpingitis
Infection of the fallopian tubes
Endometritis
Infection of the uterus
Oophoritis
Infection of the ovaries
Peritonitis
Infection of the peritoneum
Cervical Erosion
Erosion of the cells at the cervical os
Common. Usually asymptomatic, and require no treatment.
Cervical Eversion
Columnar tissue that grows beyond or drops out of its normal place in the cervical canal.
May result from infection, or be inherent.
Cervical Polyps
Common benign growths of cervix or endocervix
Usually due to chronic inflammation
May bleed, or become infected (purulent vaginal discharge). Almost always benign.
Parity
Having had pregnancies lasting more than 20 weeks
What disorders are associated with high parity?
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer: prognosis
Good. Slow growing, easily detectable and responds well to treatment.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign overgrowth of the endometrium
Due to excess estrogen, not enough progesterone
Most common symptom: abnormal bleeding
Can lead to endometrial cancer
Risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia
Menopausal, infrequent/absent periods, being overweight, PCOS, diabetes
Endometriosis
Estrogen-dependent, non-cancerous in which functioning endometrial tissue implants outside of the uterine cavity
Increased incidence with family history, with delayed childbirth, shortened cycles or longer periods
Disorders associated with low parity
Endometriosis
Uterine cancer
Ovarian neoplasms
Leiomyoma
Fibroids
Benign uterine tumours of smooth muscle organs
Affects 25% adult women
Primary cause of hysterectomies
leiomyomas
Most common reproductive cancers in women
- uterine
- ovarian
- cervical
Symptoms of leiomyomas
Anemia Heavy bleeding Pain Constipation Nocturia LBP
Uterine Cancer
Results from imbalance between estrogen and progesterone
Irregular bleeding
How does uterine cancer spread?
Uterine cavity to cervix
Peritoneal cavity
Fallopian tubes, ovary, broad ligament,
Bloodstream, lymphatics
Ovarian cysts
Functional cysts, unruptured follicles
Benign, idopathic, asymptomatic.
Usually resolve spontaneously
Follicular Cyst
Unruptured graafian follicles.
Fluid filled
Luteal Cyst
Corpus luteum does not transform into corpus albicans.
Fluid filled
PCOS
Stein-Levantal syndrome
Related to inherited insulin resistance
20% women
Endrogen –> GnRH –> LH positive feedback loop
Abnormal maturation of ovarian follicles, development of multiple cysts and persistent anovualtion.
Deadliest reproductive cancer for women
Ovarian (but 2nd most common)
Nulliparous
No pregnancies
Increases risk of ovarian neoplasms
Types of benign ovarian neoplasms
- mucinous crystadenoma
- serous crystadenoma
- benign teratomas
Mucinous cystadenoma
Benign ovarian neoplasm. “Jelly belly”
Involves surface epithelium
Usually unilateral
Filled with thick yellow/white jelly
Serous cystadenoma
Most common benign surface epithelial tumour
Often several clear-liquid filled cysts lumped together without a common outer capsule (grapes)
Benign teratoma
Germ cell tumour. “Dermoid cysts”
Cyst lined with hairy skin.
Types of malignant primary ovarian tumours
- serous cystadenocarcinoma
- mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
- papillary cystadenocarcinoma
- serous papillary crystadenocarcinoma
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with clear fluid
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour. Filled with mucous.
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour.
Elements arranged in finger-like projections
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
40% of all ovarian cancers
The most common malignant tumour
When ovarian tumours are secondary, from whence do they originate?
Mostly endometrium and breast
Krukenberg tumour
Ovarian enlargement secondary to stomach carcinoma
Hypermesis Gravidarum
Crazy morning sickness
Cardinal sign of hypermesis gravidarum
Weight loss while pregnant
Toxemia
Preeclampsia and eclampsia
Preeclampsia
Pregnancy -induced high blood pressure plus proteinuria
Increased reflex reactivity, petechia
Eclampsia
Preeclampsia plus seizures
25% postpartum
Salpingostomy
Removal of embryo in ectopic pregnancy
Salpingectomy
Removal of entire fallopian tube
What viruses are most often related to miscarriage
TORCH viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Rubella
Placenta Previa
Implantation of the placenta over or near the cervix
Can cause painless bleeding, which can become profuse and dangerous.
Cesarean section
Abruptio Placentae
Premature disruption of a normally positioned placemnt.
Most common among women with high blood pressure
Hydatidiform Mole
Growth of an abnormal fertilized egg or an overgrowth of placental tissue.
80% disappear spontaneously
Complete mole
Maternal DNA destroyed (androgenesis); 46 chromosomes all from the father.
Correct number of chromosomes, but incorrect makeup
Incomplete mole
One egg, two sperm = 69 chromosomes
Invasive Mole
Hydatidiform mole that persists and invades surrounding tissue
Choriocarcinomas
Malignant tumour derived from invasive mole.
2-3% of invasive moles
Bulky nodule in placental bed. Uterus. Vagina.
Can spread through lymphatics or bloodstream. Lung, liver, brain.
Mastitis
Most common inflammatory disease of the breast.
Most often when lactating. Most often bacterial.
Benign breast disease and fibroadenoma
Mammary dysplasia
Fibrocystic breast disease
Tissue nodularity
Mastalgia
Common benign breast irregularities
Related to estrogen levels
Fat necrosis of the breast
Usually follows trauma
Most often in obese women
Different categories of breast cancer
- Ductal in situ (DCIS)
- Invasive ductal (IDC)
- Invasive lobular carcinoma
- Medullary, tubular, mucinous
- Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
- Paget’s disease of the nipple
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Most common type of in situ cancer (30%).
Highly treatable
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Most common invasive breast cancer
Begins in duct
Breaks though into fatty tissue and then lymphatics
Inflammatory breast cancer
Rare, aggressive, invasive ductal cancer.
Presents similar to infection.
Most common metastasis of Breast Cancer
Bones – vertebrae, pelvis, hip, ribs, femur, humerus
