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pr3152 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts in the external genitalia of the male anatomy

A

penis, scrotum

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2
Q

what are the parts in the gonads of the male anatomy

A

testis

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3
Q

what are the parts in the internal genitalia of the male anatomy

A

vans deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

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4
Q

describe if testis occurs in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

located in scrotum

produces sperm and testosterone

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5
Q

describe if epididymis and ductus deferens occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

one epididymis attached to rear of each testis, one ductus deferens travel from each epididymis up and out of scrotal sac through the inguinal canal to the urethra at neck of bladder

serve as sperm exit route and site of maturation for motility and fertility

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6
Q

describe if seminal vesicle occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

empty into last portion of ductus deferens

supply fructose to nourish ejaculated sperm, secrete prostaglandins to stimulate motility to help transport sperm and provide bulk to semen

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7
Q

describe if prostate gland occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

single

completely surround urethra at neck of bladder

secretes alkaline fluid to neutralise acidity of vagina, trigger clotting of semen` to ensure sperm stays in vagina even after penis removal

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8
Q

describe if bulbourethral gland occur in single or pair, its location and function

A

pair

empty into urethra

secrete mucus for lubrication

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9
Q

when does descent of testes occur

A

during puberty

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10
Q

when does descent of testes finish

A

usually by 7th month of gestation

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11
Q

why does descent of testes occur

A

role of testosterone from fetal testes

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12
Q

what occurs during descent of testes

A

shortening of gubernaculum

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13
Q

what is gubernaculum

A

cord of muscle

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14
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes into adulthood resulting in the inability to produce viable sperm

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15
Q

temperature of scrotum for spermatogenesis to occur

A

35 degrees C

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16
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take

A

64 days and does not occur synchronously in the seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

what are the two cells located in the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli and leydig cells

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18
Q

what is the function of sertoli cells

A

produce nutrients for sperm cells to grow and mature

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19
Q

what is the function of leydig cells

A

produce testosterone

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20
Q

what occurs during puberty

A

onset of spermatogenesis, enlargement of testes and development of secondary characteristics, hormonal changes

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21
Q

what hormone is produced by the hypothalamus during puberty

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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22
Q

what does GnRH regulate

A

regulate secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what does FSH target

A

sertoli cells to release nutrients for sperm growth

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24
Q

what does LH target

A

leydig cells to release testosterone

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25
Q

what role does testosterone have

A

negative feedback on the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what happens if there is continuous exposure of gonadotrophs to GnRH

A

desensitisation of GnRH receptors

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27
Q

what are the effects of testosterone

A

internal male genitalia, pubertal growth spurt, penis growth, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido, muscle growth

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28
Q

what hormone does leydig cells produce from cholesterol

A

cholesterol -> progesterone -> testosterone

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29
Q

what hormone does sertoli cells produce from testosterone and using which enzyme

A

testosterone -> dihydrotestosterone using 5alpha enzyme

30
Q

what are the effects of dihydrotestosterone

A

external male genitalia, sebaceous glands, male hair pattern, male hair pattern baldness

31
Q

what hormones do testis produce

A

androgens, MIF, inhibin, ABP

32
Q

what are androgens

A

any steroid hormone that promotes male secondary sex characteristics

33
Q

what are examples of androgens

A

testosterone and DHT

34
Q

which parts of the female anatomy are part of the external genitalia

A

vagina (lower 2/3), clitoris, labium major, labium minor

35
Q

which parts of the female anatomy are part of the gonads

A

ovary

36
Q

which parts of the female anatomy are part of the internal genitalia

A

uterine duct, uterine tube, uterus (myo, peri. endometrium), vagina (upper 1/3), cervix

37
Q

what is the function of the ovary

A

site of storage and development of oocyte, secrete sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone to promote fertilisation of ovum and prepare female tract for pregnancy

38
Q

what is the function of the oviduct

A

for transporting of oocyte from ovary to uterus

39
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

hollow chamber for development of embryo, responsible for maintenance of fetus during development, expelling of fetus at end of pregnancy, responsive to female hormones

40
Q

what is the function of the cervix

A

lower part of uterus that opens into vagina

41
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A

to produce lubricating fluids, birth canal

42
Q

what is the function of the clitoris

A

organ of sexual arousal

43
Q

describe the process of estrogen synthesis

A

LH binds to LH receptors to cause secondary messenger system and signal amplification which results in cholesterol converting into a precursor required for FSH to produce estradiol (estrogen)

44
Q

how long does an ovarian cycle last

A

28 days

45
Q

what are the two alternating phases in an ovarian cycle

A

follicular and luteal phase

46
Q

apart from production of FSH what does FSH play a role in

A

follicular growth and maturation and induces antrum formation where estrogen is stored at

47
Q

at puberty which hormone level rise and what does it result in

A

GnRH which causes LH and FSH secretion

48
Q

what are the stages of ovarian cycle

A

rising moderate level of estrogen -> rising high levels of estrogen and follicle maturation -> massive increase in LH -> follicular phase -> luteal phase -> formation of corpus luteum -> degeneration of corpus luteum

49
Q

what occurs during rising moderate level of estrogen

A

negative feedback on hypothalamus to inhibit GnRH secretion, production of inhibin by follicular cells which selectively inhibit secretion of FSH leading to continuous increase in LH levels

50
Q

what occurs when there is rising high levels of estrogen and follicular maturation

A

positive feedback on hypothalamus to increase GnRH secretion and selectively stimulate LH secretion, but inhibin secretion from follicular cells continue to inhibit FSH secretion resulting in a surge in LH levels

51
Q

what occurs when there is a massive increase in LH

A

differentiation of follicular cells into luteal cells and ovulation

52
Q

what occurs in the follicular phase

A

dominated by presence of maturing follicles

53
Q

what occurs in the luteal phase

A

presence of corpus luteum

54
Q

what occurs during development of corpus luteum

A

under influence of LH, corpus luteum secretes both estrogen and progesterone, P inhibits secretion of both LH and FSH which prevents new follicular maturation and ovulation prevented

55
Q

what occurs during degeneration of corpus luteum

A

if no fertilisation occurs, CL degenerates and E and P no longer produced as not required, negative feedback on hypothalamus inhibited which promotes increase in GnRH secretion for new follicular phase to begin

56
Q

what is corpus luteum

A

remnant of matured follicle

57
Q

what are the phases the endometrium goes through

A

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

58
Q

are the levels of P and E high or low in menstrual phase

A

low

59
Q

what occurs during proliferative phase

A

E helps to grow follicular cells and stimulate growth of uterus (glands and blood vessels grow), endometrium thickens gradually

60
Q

when does secretory phase start

A

starts once E converted to P and egg released

61
Q

what occurs during secretory phase

A

glands in uterus secretes nutrients in preparation for baby, if no hormone produced to stimulate positive feedback, no fertilisation and low hormones prevents uterus from being nourished resulting in sloughing

62
Q

what does P do during secretory phase

A

increase number of blood vessels and secretory glands in endometrium

63
Q

what are the effects of puberty

A

thelarche (enlargement of breasts), pubarche (growth of pubic and auxillary hair), menarche (first menstrual period), rapid increase in height, growth of secondary sex organs, fat deposition

64
Q

compare the hormones produced by hypothalamus between male and female

A

both GnRH

65
Q

compare the hormones produced by anterior pituitary

A

both FSH and LH

66
Q

what are the hormones produced by ovaries and specifically by which cell

A

estrogen and inhibin by granulosa cells, progesterone by CL, androgen by theca cells which would then be converted to estrogen

67
Q

compare the target/ endocrine cells between male and female

A

male: sertoli, leydig
female: granulosa, CL

68
Q

compare the hormones between male and female

A

male: T, DHT, inhibin
female: P, E, inhibin

69
Q

why does menopause occur

A

ovaries have fewer remaining follicles, less responsive to GnRH thus secrete less E and P

70
Q

what are the effects of menopause

A

cessation of menstrual cycle, skin changes, gradual atrophy of genital organs, vasomotor changes (regulation of blood vessel dilation and constriction which can cause hot flushes), psychological and emotional effects, increase risk of CVD due to increased levels of cholesterol, increase risk of osteoperosis due to decreased bone mass due to decreased E

pr3152 (6 decks)

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