Reproductive System Flashcards
Which of the following is correct?
A) Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
B) Ducts store and transport gametes.
C) Accessory glands produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement.
D) A and B are correct.
**E) A, B and C are correct. **
Which of the following is NOT part of the male reproductive system?
A) prostate gland
B) epididymis
C) vestibular gland
D) bulbourethral gland
E) testis
The scrotum
A) regulates the temperature of the testes.
B) is a single pouch of skin containing both testes.
C) contains detrusor muscles that wrinkle the scrotum and elevates the testes.
D) contains cremaster muscles that lower the testes when they contract.
E) All of these are correct.
The testes
A) develop within the scrotal cavity.
**B) produce sperm in their seminiferous tubules. **
C) contain sustentacular cells that produce testosterone.
D) contain interstitial cells that maintain a blood-testis barrier.
E) are enclosed in a mucous membrane called the tunica vaginalis.
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm.
B) phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm.
C) produce fluid for sperm transport.
D) mediate the effects of testosterone and LH.
E) secrete androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin.
Which of the following cells develops first?
A) primary spermatocyte
B) secondary spermatocyte
C) spermatogonium
D) spermatid
E) sperm cell
Sperm production
A) takes over two months to complete.
B) yields about 300 million sperm per day.
C) occurs in response to FSH.
D) yields cells that a head capped by an acrosome, a middle piece full of mitochondria, and a tail.
**E) All of these are correct. **
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone do each of the following EXCEPT:
A) bind to the different receptors.
B) stimulate development of male reproductive structures in an embryo.
C) bring about development and enlargement of the male sex organs.
D) bring about development of masculine secondary sexual characteristics.
E) stimulate protein synthesis.
Place the following in the order in which sperm will pass through them after leaving the seminiferous tubules.
1. ductus epididymis
2. efferent ducts
3. ductus (Vas) deferens
4. rete testis
5. straight tubules
A) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
B) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 5, 2, 4 1, 3
D) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
E) 5, 4, 2, 3, 1
The epididymis
A) is a question mark shaped organ that lies along the anterior border of a testis.
B) can store sperm for a year or more.
C) is the site where sperm become capable of fertilizing an ovum.
D) is about 10 cm (2 inches) long when uncoiled.
E) is the site where sperm lose motility.
Which of the following is true of the ductus deferens?
A) Its superior end, called the ampulla, connects to the epididymis.
B) Its inferior end connects to the ejaculatory duct.
C) It moves sperm toward the ejaculatory duct using cilia.
D) It can store sperm for a month or more.
E) It produces sperm.
Which of the following is NOT part of the spermatic cord?
A) ductus deferens
B) testicular artery
C) lymphatic vessels
D) autonomic nerves
E) dartos muscle
The male urethra
A) serves both reproductive and urinary functions.
B) consists of prostatic, membranous and penile (spongy) regions.
C) includes the ejaculatory duct.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Seminal vesicles
A) lie on the anterior side of the urinary bladder.
B) produce a fluid that contains acidic mucous.
C) produce a fluid containing fructose, which is used for ATP production by sperm.
D) produce a fluid containing prostaglandins, which cause semen to coagulate after ejaculation.
E) produce a fluid containing proteins, which inhibit sperm motility.
The prostate gland
A) surrounds the spongy urethra.
B) produces a fluid containing citric acid, which is used for ATP production.
C) produces a fluid with a highly alkaline pH.
D) produces a fluid containing enzymes that cause semen to coagulate after ejaculation.
E) decreases in size with age.
The bulbourethral glands
A) secrete an alkaline mucous.
B) are about the size of pears.
C) are located superior to the prostate gland.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Which of the following is NOT true of semen?
A) A man is probably infertile if his sperm contains less than 20 million sperm/mL.
B) It contains sperm and seminal fluids.
C) It protects sperm from the hostile alkaline environment of the male urethra and female vagina.
D) It contains an antibiotic called seminal plasmin.
E) It provides sperm with a transportation medium and nutrients.
The penis
A) consists of a single dorsal corpus cavernosum and two ventral corpora spongiosa.
B) has a proximal swelling called the glans.
C) is supported by the fundiform and suspensory tendons.
D) contains erectile tissue and is the male copulatory organ.
E) has a distal attachment to the abdominal wall called the bulb.
Erection
A) is a parasympathetic response.
B) depends upon dilation of arterioles by nitric oxide.
C) of the corpora cavernosa that persists and is painful is called priapism.
D) is usually followed by sympathetic responses of emission and ejaculation.
E) All of these are correct.
Which of the following is NOT true of the ovaries?
A) They are the female gonads.
B) They produce gametes called secondary oocytes.
C) They produce FSH and LH.
D) They produce estrogens and progesterone.
E) They are homologous to the testes.
Which part of the ovary is correctly described?
A) The ovarian follicles consist of oocytes in various stages of development.
B) The germinal epithelium gives rise to ova.
C) The mature (Graafian) follicle produces progesterone and estrogens.
D) The corpus luteum is a fluid-filled follicle ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte
E) The ovarian medulla is the corpus albicans.
Oogenesis
A) begins after puberty.
B) is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilized.
C) produces four viable secondary oocytes from each oogonium.
D) is inhibited by FSH.
E) produces diploid gametes.
The uterine tubes
A) attach to the ovaries via multiple fimbriae.
B) are not open to the pelvic cavity.
C) transport sperm, secondary oocytes and zygotes.
D) are lined with simple squamous epithelium.
E) are not the usual sites of fertilization.
Which of the following is NOT true of the uterus?
A) It serves as part of the pathway for sperm.
B) It is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum.
C) It is the site of development of the fetus during pregnancy.
D) It is uninvolved in labor.
E) It is the source of menstrual flow.
The uterus
A) lies between the sacrum and the rectum.
B) has a fundus below the openings of the uterine tubes.
C) has a cervix that opens into the vagina.
D) is usually retroflexed over the urinary bladder.
E) is supported by broad, cardinal, round and uterosacral tendons.
The endometrium
A) is the inner layer of the uterus.
B) has a layer called the stratum functionalis that sloughs off during menstruation.
C) has a layer called the stratum basalis that persists and gives rise to the stratum functionalis.
D) is highly vascular.
**E) All of these are correct. **
Cervical mucus
A) is more acidic and viscous at the time of ovulation.
B) contains phagocytes that destroy sperm.
C) can physically prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
The vagina
A) is the female gonad.
B) is the outlet for menstrual flow.
C) is lined with a serous membrane.
D) is blocked by a hymen at its superior end.
E) is anterior to the urethra.
The vulva
A) is also called the pudendum.
B) refers to the internal reproductive organs of the female.
C) includes the mons pubis, which is posterior to the vagina and cushions the coccyx.
D) includes the clitoris, which is homologous to the scrotum of the male.
E) includes bulbourethral glands on either side of the vestibule.
The perineum
A) is found in only in females.
B) is a circular area between the thighs.
C) excludes the external genitalia and the anus.
D) is bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the coccyx.
E) is subdivided into vaginal and anal segments.
The mammary glands
A) are modified sebaceous glands.
B) lie deep to the pectoralis major muscle.
C) produce milk.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Which of the following is NOT true of lactation?
A) It includes the synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk.
B) Milk production is stimulated largely by prolactin.
C) Milk ejection is stimulated by oxytocin.
D) Milk is produced in alveoli.
**E) Contraction of adipose tissue ejects milk. **
Removal of the body and cervix of the uterus, uterine tubes, possibly the ovaries, the superior portion of the vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting structures, such as ligaments is a
A) salpingectomy
B) radical hysterectomy
C) subtotal hysterectomy
D) complete hysterectomy
E) oopherectomy
The female reproductive cycle
A) includes the ovarian cycle.
B) includes the uterine cycle.
C) includes changes in the breast and cervix associated with the ovarian and uterine cycles.
D) includes the hormonal changes that accompany the ovarian and uterine cycles.
E) All of these are correct.
GnRH
A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B) stimulates production and release of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
C) inhibits production and release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
LH
A) stimulates production of estrogens by ovarian follicles.
B) triggers ovulation.
C) stimulates secretion of estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin by the corpus luteum.
D) A and B are correct.
**E) A, B and C are correct. **
Estrogens
A) promote the development and maintenance of ¬ female reproductive structures.
B) relax the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium.
C) increase blood cholesterol levels.
D) decrease protein synthesis.
E) cause the endometrial lining to thin and be shed.
The preovulatory phase
A) is the least variable phase of the female reproductive cycle.
B) is the time when one dominant follicle becomes the mature (Graafian) follicle.
C) is accompanied by high estrogen levels in its first days and high FSH levels later.
D) is part of the secretory phase.
E) All of these are correct.
During the proliferative phase,
A) the cells of the stratum functionalis undergo mitosis.
B) the uterus produces a new stratum basalis.
C) the thickness of the endometrium nearly doubles.
D) A and B are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.
Ovulation
A) usually occurs on day 14 in a 28 day cycle.
B) is preceded by a dramatic rise in LH levels.
C) can be felt by some women.
D) A and B are correct.
**E) A, B and C are correct. **
The corpus luteum
A) becomes the corpus hemorrhagicum.
B) has a life span of about 36 weeks if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized.
C) produces estrogens and progesterone.
D) undergoes apoptosis in the presence of hCG.
E) is active during the follicular phase.
During the secretory phase
A) there is decreased growth and coiling of the ¬endometrial glands.
B) there is decreased vascularization of the superficial endometrium.
C) there is no additional thickening of the endometrium.
D) glycogen is secreted.
E) menstruation occurs.
Amenorrhea is associated with each of the following EXCEPT:
A) absence of menstrual flow.
B) increased body fat.
C) pregnancy.
D) menopause.
E) decreased bone density.
Which of the following forms of birth control has the highest failure rate?
A) spermicides
B) oral contraceptives
C) vasectomy
D) depo-provera
E) complete abstinence
Which birth control method prevents pregnancy but not conception?
A) spermicide
B) intrauterine device (IUD)
C) mechanical barriers such as condoms and diaphragms
D) hormonal controls such as norplant and depo-provera
E) surgical sterilization
Which of the following does NOT develop from the mesonephric duct?
A) epididymis
B) ductus deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) urethra
E) seminal vesicles
The embryonic structures that ultimately become the uterus and vagina are the
A) genital tubercles
B) mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
C) paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
D) endodermal outgrowths
E) intermediate ectoderm
An embryo has one X and one Y chromosome, but the Y chromosome has no functioning SRY gene. The embryo also has no functioning gene for the production of MIS. If development continues, at birth the resulting child will appear to be
A) female
B) male
Which of the following hormones is NOT known to be directly involved in puberty?
A) leptin
B) relaxin
C) GnRH
D) LH
E) FSH
Which of the following is a typical sign or symptom of menopause?
A) hot flashes
B) heavy perspiration, particularly when sleeping
C) hair loss
D) vaginal dryness
**E) All of these are correct. **
Signs of aging in the male reproductive system include each of the following EXCEPT:
A) increased testosterone production
B) increased prostatic hypertrophy
C) decreased sperm production
D) decreased libido
E) decreased sperm viability
51) produce substances that protect the gametes and facilitate their movement - A
52) sperm, secondary oocyte - D
53) organs that produce gametes - E
A) accessory glands
B) ducts
C) fertilization
D) gametes
E) gonads
54) sites of spermatogenesis - D
55) nourish sperm cells; secrete inhibin - E
56) make testosterone - B
A) epididymis
B) interstitial (Leydig) cells
C) rete testis
D) seminiferous tubules
E) sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
57) secrete fructose-rich, alkaline fluid - D
58) surrounds urethra; secretes slightly acidic fluid; often hypertrophies with age - C
59) also called Cowper’s glands, secrete alkaline mucous - A
A) bulbourethral glands
B) penis
C) prostate gland
D) seminal vesicles
E) testis
60) female external genitals - E
61) transports secondary oocyte or fertilized egg to uterus - B
62) female copulatory organ; part of birth canal - D
A) ovary
B) uterine tube
C) uterus
D) vagina
E) vulva
63) portion of uterus that opens into vagina - A
64) inner lining of the uterus - B
65) portion of uterus extending above the uterine tubes - C
A) cervix
B) endometrium
C) fundus
D) myometrium
E) perimetrium
66) estrogen causes endometrial lining to double in thickness - D
67) uterus sheds lining; secondary follicles in ovaries begin to enlarge - C
68) LH transforms corpus hemorrhagicum into structure secreting progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin - B
A) follicular phase
B) luteal phase
C) menstrual phase
D) proliferative phase
E) secretory phase
69) condoms, diaphragms, vaginal pouches - B
70) oral contraceptives, depo-provera, norplant - D
71) only 100% effective mechanism of birth control - A
A) abstinence
B) barrier contraceptives
C) chemical contraceptives
D) hormonal contraceptives
E) sterilization
72) develop into male reproductive structures if DHT and MIS are present - C
73) first menstrual period - A
74) develop into female reproductive structures if DHT and MIS are absent - D
A) menarche
B) menopause
C) mesonephric ducts
D) paramesonephric ducts
E) puberty
The _____ are the male gonads.
testes
The _____ are the sites of sperm production within the male gonads.
seminiferous tubules
The site of sperm maturation and storage is the _____.
epididymis
The tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct is the _____.
ductus (Vas) deferens
The _____ secrete a thick, alkaline fluid enriched with fructose.
seminal vesicles
The mixture of seminal fluids and sperm that is ejaculated from the penis is _____.
semen
Male reproductive organs
Female reproductive organs
Histology of Uterus
Hormones - Red lines negative feedback
