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Biology 30-1 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of human reproduction?

A
  • to produce gametes (egg + sperm)
  • release sex hormones
  • to reproduce species
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2
Q

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

A

Male and female required, increases variability ( increased variability = increased survival)

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3
Q

What are main parts of the male reproductive system?

A

(in order)

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Penis
  • Urethra
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4
Q

What is the testes?

A

Where the sperm+testosterone is produced, inside scrotum

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5
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

The outer layer of testes, where sperm cells mature and are stored

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6
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Long tubes leading from epididymis to ejaculatory gland

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7
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A
  • Propels+regulates sperm and fluids into urethra

- Found at union of vas deferens and seminal vessicles

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8
Q

What is the penis?

A
  • External sex organ

- compromised of erectile tissue surrounding urethra

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9
Q

What is the urethra?

A
  • Tube leading through penis

- Exit for semen+urine

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10
Q

What are the 3 glands found in the male reproductive system?

A

(SPC)
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Cowper’s gland

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11
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

Gland that secretes fructose to provide energy for sperm cells

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12
Q

What is the prostate?

A

Gland that provides alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic environment of vagina

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13
Q

What is the Cowper’s gland?

A

Gland that releases mucus to help sperm motility

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14
Q

What parts are used in the formation of sperm cells?

A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Sertoli cells
  • Interstitial cells
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15
Q

What is the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Coiled tubes in testes

- Where immature sperm cells divide/differentiate

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16
Q

What is the sertoli cell?

A
  • Found in between sperm cells in seminiferous tubules

- Provides nourishment+support

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17
Q

What are the interstitial cells?

A

Found in between seminiferous tubules, produces testosterone

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18
Q

What is the pathway of the sperm?

A

Testes–> epididymis—>vas deferens–> ejaculatory duct–> urthrea

Seminal, prostate, cowpers (join into ejaculatory duct)

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19
Q

What is the anatomy of the sperm?

A

Acrosome– head, has enzymes that break down egg barrier (leads to fertilization)

Midpiece- has mitochondria=energy

Tail/flagellum- motility

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20
Q

What are the hormones of the male reproduction system?

A

GnRH- From hypothalamus, regulates pituitary release of FSH and LH

FSH- from pituitary, stimulates production of sperm in seminiferous tubules

LH- from pituitary, stimulates testosterone production in interstitial cells

Testosterone- from interstitial cells, effects sperm production+secondary sex characteritics

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21
Q

What is the negative feed back loop for male reproduction hormones?

A

Hypothalamus–> Pituitary= FSH—> Seminiferous tubules+sertoli cells== sperm

Hypothalamus–> Pituitary= LH—> Interstitial cells=testosterone (turns off hypothalamus)

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22
Q

What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Vagina
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
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23
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • Path for for menstrual flow+ baby

- Slightly acidic, for protection

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24
Q

What is the endometrial lining?

A

Lining of the uterus
Changes thickness through cycle
Where embryo implants OR
what is shed during flow phase

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25
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • At the bottom of uterus
  • Dilates during labour
  • Produces mucus
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26
Q

What is the uterus?

A
  • Muscular organ
  • supports fetal development
  • Implantation of embryo occurs in endometrial lining
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27
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Tubes to transport egg after ovulation

- Where fertilization occurs

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28
Q

What are the ovaries?

A
  • Where egg+follicle are stored

- Secretes estrogen+progesterone

29
Q

Which hormones are specific to the female reproduction system?

A

Estrogen+progesterone

30
Q

Which hormones are used in the female reproduction system?

A
  1. GnRH
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Estrogen
  5. Progesterone
31
Q

What is GnRH responsible for in the FRS?

A
  • from hypothalamus

- controls ptuitary

32
Q

What is FSH responsible for in the FRS?

A
  • Released from pituitary

- Targets ovaries= stimulates development of a follicle containing oocyte

33
Q

What is LH responsible for in the FRS?

A
  • from pituitary

- targets ovaries= stimulates egg to be released from follicle

34
Q

What is Estrogen responsible for in the FRS?

A

-Secreted by developing follicle (w/ oocyte) and ovary

35
Q

What is progesterone responsible for in the FRS?

A
  • secreted by corpus luteum (follicle left over after ovulation)
  • Functions: thickens+ maintains endometrium lining
    -Inhibits ovulation (LH)
    Inhibits uterine contraction (ooxytocin)
36
Q

What are the steps to the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. FSH stimulates follicle to develop
    - contains oocyte
    - follicle creates estrogen (more development=more estrogen)
  2. Estrogen released from follicle reaches its peak
    - stimulates release of LH= OVULATION
    - follicle ruptures, releases egg into fallopian tubes
  3. Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
    - secretes progesterone
  4. Corpus luteum breaks down
    - progesterone lowers, cycle restarts
37
Q

What is the feedback loop for the female reproductive system?

A

Hypothalamus— GnRH—> Ptuitary— > FSH= stimualtes follicle development= estrogen (turns off hypothalamus, in order to stop more follicles from developing)

Pituitary—>LH (once peak estrogen levels reached= OVULATION–> turns into corpus luteum= progesterone+little estrogen ===Turns off LH pathway (to stop eggs from being released anymore)

38
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Flow phase (days 1-5)
  2. Follicular phase (days 6-13)
  3. Ovulation (day 14)
  4. Luteal phase (day 15-28)
39
Q

What is the flow phase?

A

Days 1-5,

low progesterone + estrogen, causes endometrium to shed, FSH may satrt to be released during this time

40
Q

What is the follicular phase ?

A

Day 6-13
Follicle develops= estrogen released
endometirum builds, FSH levels decrease

41
Q

What is ovulation phase?

A

Day 14,

ovum released from follicle into fallopian tubes (due to LH surge from high estrogen levels)

42
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Day 15-28
Follicle becomes corpus luteum= progesterone+estrogen
thickens+ maintains endometrium

43
Q

What happens if no fertilization occurs after the luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone levels decrease, uterine lining sheds,

44
Q

What is fertilization?

A

In fallopian tubes, 4-6 hours after intercourse,

egg+sperm=zygote, (46 chromosomes)

45
Q

What occurs after zygote forms?

A

Zygote begins to divide, does not increase in size, cells get smaller

46
Q

What occurs after zygote differentiate?

A

Cilia+peristaltic motion moves zygote towards uterus

47
Q

What occurs after zygote moves towards uterus?

A

Differentiation of cells begin (cells decide what type they will be)

becomes blastocyst

48
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

Cells divide into outer ring (extraembryonic structures ie: cherion, amnion, umibolical cord)

and the inner clump (embryo/baby)

49
Q

What occurs after the blastocyst is formed?

A

Blastocyst imbeds/ implants into endometrium lining in uterus (to grow)
- secretes hCG

50
Q

What is the hCG?

A

Maintains corpus luteum, to secrete progesterone+estrogen, maintains endometrium lining, (3 months) placenta then takes over

51
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Blastocyst imbedded in endometrium folds up, becomes GASTRULA

52
Q

What are the layers of the gastrula?

A
  1. ectoderm (outer layer)- skin, hair, nails
    + nervous system
  2. mesoderm (middle)- bones, muscles,
    - circulatory system,
    blood
    - excretory system
    - reproductive system 3. endoderm(inner) - respiratory, digestive systems
53
Q

What are the main extraembryonic structures?

A
  • chorion
  • amnion
    -yolk sac
  • allantois
    Placenta (formed of chorion and endometirum)
54
Q

What is the Chorion?

A

Outer layer of embryo sac

  • secretes hCG (for maintaining corpus luteum)
  • Forms part of placenta
55
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Second layer, AKA amniotic sac, is filled with amniotic fluid for protection of baby

protection= cushioning, temp regulation, prevents dehydration, prevents infection

56
Q

What is the Yolk sac?

A

Responsible for blood cell development, know on diagram

57
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Becomes the umbilical cord (know on diagram)

58
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

Allows for nutrients, gasses and wastes to be exchanged,

connects fetus to placenta

59
Q

What is the placenta?

A
  • Spongy mass of tissue
  • Built from chorion+endometrium
  • Allows for exchnage of nutreitns, gases, wastes, hormones, antibodies, etc
  • Secretes progesterone + estrogen after 3 months (takes over for hCG)
  • Blood cells do not pass through placenta
  • placenta does not filter out teratogens (substances that impact development ie: alcohol)
60
Q

What are the 3 stages of pregnancy?

A
  1. 1st trimester - conception to 3 months
    2nd trimester - end of 3/beginnign of 4 to 6 months

3rd trimester- end of 6/beginning of 7 to birth

61
Q

What happens during the 1st trimester?

A
  • All organ systems from (rapid development)

- Most susceptible to teratogens

62
Q

What happens during the 2nd trimester?

A
  • Growth

- organs continue developing

63
Q

What occurs during the 3rd trimester?

A
  • rapid growth
  • increased weight
  • full maturation of organs
64
Q

What is the process of giving birth called?

A

Parturition

65
Q

What are the steps to labour?

A
  • after 3rd trimester, the placenta ages and stops producing progesterone + estrogen
  • decreased progesterone levels stops inhibiting oxytocin and prostaglandins, which both stimulate uterine contractions
  • Relaxin is also released when the baby head pushes against the cervix, dilates cervix
66
Q

What is the positive feedback loop for labour intensity?

A

baby head pushes against cervix->relaxin release, cervix dilates-> release of oxcytocin+progesterone stimulates uterine contraction -> pushes baby against cervix (restarts)

67
Q

How does the body prepare for breast milk production during pregnancy?

A
  • Two hormones, that were inhibited by rogesterone, are released

Oxytocin- stimulates muscles contraction in breasts to release milk
Prolactin - stimulates milk production

68
Q

What is the order of steps to release milk when breastfeeding?

A
  1. Sensory neurons stimulated @ nipple (suckling)
  2. Nerve impulse travels to hypothalamus, to pituitary
  3. Pituitary releases oxytocin
  4. Oxytocin stimulates breast muscle contraction to release breast milk

Biology 30-1 (6 decks)

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