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Biology: Genetics > Reproductive Strategies and Technologies > Flashcards

Reproductive Strategies and Technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is selective breeding ?

A

the process of breeding plant and animals for desirable traits

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2
Q

1st crop to be bred was

A

corn (maize)

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3
Q

Where did selective breeding originate from ?

A

central and south America

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4
Q

How is selective breeding natural ?

A

humans choose the traits but do not change the DNA

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5
Q

How did corn become the size it is now ?

A
  1. genetic mutations occurred which resulted in bigger corn
  2. the seeds of corn cross pollinated to grow even larger
  3. the kernels of big corn were planted
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6
Q

what is artificial insemination ?

A

the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female’s reproductive system

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7
Q

artificial insemination has been used in: animals or plants ?

A

both animals and plants

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8
Q

name an animal whose sperm is used for artificial insemination

A
  • bulls and horses
  • sperm is collected from blue ribbon winning animals (bull), the sperm is then frozen and sold, then the sperm is inserted into cows
  • the same process is used for horses
  • racing horses make millions of dollars
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9
Q

what is an embryo transfer

A

the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s reproductive system

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10
Q

what is the human equivalent to embryo transfer

A

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

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11
Q

what is in vitro fertilization

A
  • the technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body
  • “test-tube babies”
  • embryos can be shipped easily
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12
Q

name some celebrities who have hired surrogate mothers

A
  1. Michael Jackson
  2. Sarah Jessica Parker (didn’t want to ruin her body)
  3. Sofia Vergara (had thyroid cancer and lots of radtiation)
  4. Ricky Martin (gay males usually used the surrogate’s eggs)
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13
Q

when and where was the first test-tube baby born ?

A

Britain, 1978 (Louise Joy Brown)

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14
Q

what does ART stand for ?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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15
Q

IVF is a type of

A

ART

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16
Q

how many babies have been conceived through IVF since 1978 ?

A

over 1.5 million

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17
Q

what does PGD stand for ?

A

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

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18
Q

who is allowed to have PGD’s ?

A
  1. it is only allowed for people who have a history of genetic disorders in their family (i.e. huntingtons)
  2. or for “savior siblings”; parents of sick children have used PGD to “engineer” a genetic match in another sibling
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19
Q

what is the process of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

A
  • the woman is pumped with female hormones (estrogen) which causes them to “superovulate”, so instead of releasing 1 egg, multiple are released
  • sperm is dumped on the eggs to fertilize them
  • once IVF is performed, the zygotes divide for 2 days, one cell from each is pulled out and analyzed for the presence of a genetic disorder
  • the healthy embryos are implanted in the female’s uterus
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20
Q

why is PGD controversial

A

it is controversial because it can lead to “designer babies”

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21
Q

what is cloning ?

A

the process that produces identical copies of genes, cells or organisms

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22
Q

what are the three types of cloning ?

A
  1. gene cloning
  2. therapeutic cloning
  3. reproductive cloning
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23
Q

what is gene cloning ?

A

the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA

  • the DNA is isolated and a vector is chosen for cloning
  • the chromosomal DNA is inserted into the vector, which acts as a carrier of the DNA to be cloned
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24
Q

what is recombinant DNA ?

A

a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources

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25
Q

what is the type of gene cloning used to grow protein ?

A

recombinant dna

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26
Q

how has insulin been mass produced ?

A

bacteria (acts as a vector)

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27
Q

what animals have been used to make insulin and why aren’t they used anymore ?

A
  • cows and sheep

- diabetics had reactions to it

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28
Q

what is therapeutic cloning ?

A

the process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells
- cloning in movies

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29
Q

what is therapeutic cloning used for ?

A
  • used to treat various diseases

- growing new tissues and organs (kidney, liver, skin cells)

30
Q

what is reproductive cloning ?

A

the process of producing genetically identical organisms

31
Q

what does reproductive cloning make ?

A

genetically identical organisms

32
Q

what does SCNT stand for ?

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer

33
Q

why is SCNT used ?

A

to generate the cloned cells (in both reproductive and therapeutic cloning)

34
Q

name an example of reproductive cloning

A
  • dolly the sheep

- ended up dying from illnesses, diseases and organ shut downs at half the age of a regular sheep

35
Q

is reproductive cloning in animals successful ? why ?

A

no, it is not successful

  1. the birth rate ranges from only 0.5 to 6 percent
  2. cloned offspring tend to have a high mortality rate, as well as high incidences of disease or premature aging
36
Q

why are both therapeutic and reproductive cloning controversial ?

A

because there are ethical questions about how they are used

37
Q

what are stem cells ?

A

undifferentiated/ unspecialized cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body

38
Q

are stem cells good or bad ?

A

they can be either; they can save lives but they can also kill you
stem cells are so powerful that they can attack everything in your body (organs)

39
Q

what do some scientists believe about stem cells ?

A

some scientists believe that stem cells are the root of all cancers

40
Q

which famous actor tried to do stem cell research and who stopped him ?

A
  • Christopher Reeve (actor who played Superman) fell of a horse and was paralyzed from the neck down
  • Reeve had the money for stem cell research because nerve cells do not repair
  • President George Bush did not allow it; he enforced laws to end stem cell research
  • embryonic stem cells was the only source available during the 90s
  • many American scientists went to England to research stem cells
41
Q

what are the types of stem cells ?

A
  1. embryonic stem cells
  2. adult stem cells
  3. induced pluripotent stem cells
42
Q

why are embryonic stem cells controversial and why are they good ?

A
  1. because they involve embryos

2. there is an endless supply because every cell is a stem cell

43
Q

why are adult stem cells rare and hard to obtain ?

A

1 in every 5 million skin cells is a stem cell
McMaster university has developed a technique to extract stem cells from human skin, which made them world famous; this technique eliminates the need for embryos

44
Q

what option are mothers given after they have given birth ?

A

women are given the option to store cord blood because it is a perfect match for the baby and is most likely a match for them as well
cord blood is full of stem cells
some athletes store cord blood in case of a career ending injury

45
Q

what are induced pluripotent stem cells ?

A

specialized adult stem cells that have been induced to a stem-cell-like state

46
Q

what are transgenic organisms ?

A

organisms whose genetic material includes DNA from a different species, inserting foreign DNA into plants and animals

47
Q

what does GMO stand for ? and what is a GMO ?

A
  • genetically modified organisms

- an organism that has had the sequence of its genome altered for a specific purpose

48
Q

transgenic organisms are a type of

A

GMO

49
Q

4 digits on a fruit/vegetable sticker

A

conventionally grown (pesticides)

50
Q

5 digits and starts with a 9

A

organic

51
Q

5 digits and starts with an 8

A

GMO

52
Q

transgenic crop plants account for

A

over half the corn and canola grown in North America

53
Q

crops have been modified to

A

increase their resistance to herbicides, insect pests or viruses

54
Q

gold rice has been genetically engineered to

A

increase its iron and vitamin A content (white rice is not very nutritious)

55
Q

transgenic plants can be used for

A

medical purposes

56
Q

what plant has been used to produce human insulin ?

A
  • a Canadian company has inserted the human insulin gene into a safflower plant
  • the transgenic safflower plant produces insulin as it grows
  • producing insulin is less expensive this way and can make diabetes treatment more affordable worldwide
57
Q

Some want to grow powerful medications in plants (i.e. morphine) but environmentalists such as Green Peace are against it. why is this ?

A
  • regular crops and transgenic crops can get mixed in with each other (i.e. corn) and people can OD from eating it
  • also, flowers can grow on the corn, the pollen can blow away and cross pollinate with other crops
58
Q

milk-producing animals (i.e. goats) are being used to produce

A

medical protein products that include human growth hormones and anti-clotting factors

59
Q

why are spider genes are inserted into goats ?

A

the transgenic goats secrete spider silk in their milk to be used in clothing and nets

60
Q

transgenic animals can serve as _________ for humans

A
  • organ donors
  • there is very limited success because of tissue rejection
  • genetic engineering research teams are conducting work to develop transgenic pigs that are more compatible with human tissues
61
Q

where did the idea of glowing cats come from ?

A

south korea

62
Q

explain the process of glowing cats and glowing dogs

A
  • taking skin cells from a cloned cat and inserting the fluorescent gene into them before transplanting the genetically modified cells into the eggs of skin cells taken from the animal
  • the fluorescent genes for the dogs are from coral, the genes for cats are from jellyfish
  • this is used to develop new cures for genetic diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
  • the bad genes glow under UV lights so they can be tracked
63
Q

cats and dogs are used as opposed to rats because

A

they are more genetically similar to humans

64
Q

why are cloned animals used ?

A

the animals will all be the same genetically; are used for consistency (easier to control)

65
Q

trying to get America healthy by the

A

creation of cloned pigs that produce higher than normal levels of omega 3 fatty acids

66
Q

what is the major natural dietary sources of omega-3 ?

A

fish, but they contain metals such as mercury

67
Q

what are the risks of transgenic animals ?

A
  1. environmental threats
  2. health effects
  3. social and economic issues
68
Q

examples of environmental threats

A

the use of herbicide-resistant plants could encourage the use of stronger herbicides, which may get into the water or soil system. There is also evidence that genes can cross to other species, which may create “superweeds” and “superbugs”

69
Q

examples of health effects

A

not enough is known about the long-term effects of consuming transgenic products such as food and medicine

70
Q

examples of social and economic issues

A

although there are benefits to human health and reducing world hunger, the amount of money spent on genetics research may be greater than the overall benefit. In addition, some people wonder if private enterprise is having too much influence over the global food market. Still others question the ethics of using other species solely for human benefit

Biology: Genetics (4 decks)

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