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BMS 538 Physiology > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major parts of female reproductive system?

A

Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries

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2
Q

Where does implantation occur?

A

Uterus

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3
Q

What is the function of PFG2a?

A

cause involution of corpus luteum

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4
Q

What major hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

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5
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

Apoptosis like regression of non-maturing follicles

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6
Q

What is the function of vagina, uterus, ovaries?

A

Vagina: site of semen deposition

Uterus: site of implantation

Ovaries: site of oogenesis and ovulation

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7
Q

What are the 2 follicular cells that become the corpus luteum?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

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8
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands?

A

Seminal vesicles

prostate

bulbourethral glands

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9
Q

Where are spermatozoa created?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

What cells produce the testosterone that matures sperm?

A

Leydig cells

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11
Q

At which stage of spermatogenesis is the tail evident?

A

mature spermatid

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12
Q

What is the hypothalamic peptide that is the central regulator of male and female reproductive physiology?

A

GnRH

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13
Q

What sperm structure is physically involved in penetrating the ovum?

A

Acrosome

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14
Q

What are serotoli cells?

A

cells in semineferous tubules that move maturing spermatozoa towards the lumen of the tubule.

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15
Q

What two anterior pituitary hormones regulate male reproductive physiology and what are their functions?

A

LH regulate testosterone release from Leydig cells

FSH regulates spermatogenesis at sertoli cells

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16
Q

What is antrum and why is it important for ovulation?

A

Fluid sac surrounding ovum

Helps propel ovum out of ovary at ovulation

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17
Q

How is estrogen a negative regulator?

A

Estrogen prevents release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

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18
Q

What two factors cause the involution of the CL in the absence of the trophoblast implantation?

A

Luteolysis and Finite lifespan of CL

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19
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system regulates tumescence and which part regulates ejaculation?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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20
Q

Name two anatomical storage sites for sperm:

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

21
Q

What is the difference between musculovascular and fibroelastic penises?

A

musculovascular penises expand in diameter and length, whereas fibroelastic penises only expand in length

22
Q

Why does testosterone interact with an intracellular receptor while the other hormones (LH, FSH, GnRH, prolactin, and inhibin) interact with receptors that extend outside of the cell?

A

testosterone is lipid-like and thus can traverse biologic membranes while the others are peptides that cannot penetrate the cell

23
Q

What is the basis for precocious puberty?

A

a genetic mutation that leads to overproduction of testosterone

24
Q

Name the clotting factor added to sperm and how does it get “unclotted”:

A

fibrinogen is added by the seminal vesicles, activated by the prostate that also adds profibrinolysin which is converted to fibrinolysin in the vagina; fibrinolysin then breaks apart the fibrin, freeing the sperm

25
Q

Name the four major spermatozoal tail proteins involved in flagellation and which is the analog of actin?

A

dyein,

kinesin,

nexin,

tubulin (the actin analog)

26
Q

Why does penile vasodilation lead to tumescence, and what is the main chemical mediator of this process?

A

the central penile artery vasodilates (in response to nitric oxide) allowing blood to escape into and fill the corpus cavernosum

27
Q

What is the os penis?

A

a bone in the penis that helps to maintain tumescence during coitus in the dog, cat, and non-humans primates

28
Q

(14) What is the negative regulator of male reproductive physiologic hormones, where does it come from, and how does it work?

A

inhibin is released by the Sertoli cells (in response to testosterone) and prevents the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH

29
Q

How does Viagra work?

A

It inhibits and enzyme that promotes detumescence

30
Q

Why is cancer a side effect of anabolic steroids?

A

Anabolic steroids activate the androgen receptor that can cause cell hyperplasia

31
Q

Why is a vasectomy difficult to reverse? It

A

It is challenging to reconnect the vas deferens and the immune system may be primed to harm the Why is a vasectomy difficult to reverse? It few sperm that are produced.

32
Q

What is unusual about the regulation of the milk production hormone?

A

Prolactm is the only pituitary hormone whose release i> negatively regulated by the hypothalamus.

33
Q

How is the pro-pregnancy activity of the CL supplanted by the placenta?

A

The placenta starts producing ample progesterone at a certain stage stage pregnancy.

34
Q

What two hormones promote mammary development and which hormones promotes milk production and release?

A

Estrogen and progeszerone promote mammary development, prolactin promotes milk production, and oxytocin promotes milk release.

35
Q

What type of receptor recognizes each of the following: estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, PGF2ct, and relaxin?

A

intracellular, intracellular. GPCR. GPCR. and tyrosine kinase, respectively

36
Q

Where does fertilization occur and why does only one sperm penetrate the ovum?

A

Fertilization occurs in the oviduct and the sperm penetration leads to a calcium influx that release granules thaz repel other sperm.

37
Q

How is estrogen a negative regulator?

A

Estrogen prevents the release of GnRH, FSH. and LH.

38
Q

What is involved in the LH surge at ovulation?

A

Progesterone is needed for estrogen-mediated izhibition of LH release, so when progesterone levels get vel-v low the negative effect of estrogen on LH release is gone.

39
Q

How is the CL maintained if implantation occurs, and what pro-pregnancy hormone does it continue to secrete?

A

lmp]antation leads to l al a decrease in endometrial cell production of PGF2c or a physical re-routing of this hormone: hCG is produced by the trophoblast cells and it sustains the Ck via LH-like activity. Progesterone is the major pro-pregnancy homone.

40
Q

Name the progressive designations of the fertilized egg from the injection of the pronucleus,

A

zygote to morula to blastocvst

41
Q

Name the hypothalamic peptide that is the central regulator of female reproductive physiology.

A

GnRH

42
Q

What are the two anterior pituitary hormones that regulate female reproductive physiology, and what are their general functions?

A

LH induce testosterone synthesis m the theca cells while FSH causes testosterone to estrogen conversion in granulosa cells.

43
Q

What is the negative regulator of female reproductive physiologic hormones, where does it come from, and how does it work?

A

inhibin is released by granulosa cells and it prevents further release of GnRH.

44
Q

What is involved in the LH surge at ovulation?

A

Progesterone is needed for estrogen-mediated izhibition of LH release, so when progesterone levels get vel-v low the negative effect of estrogen on LH release is gone.

45
Q

(15) Why is LH not a good name for this hormone? It

A

It does more than luteinize.

46
Q

What hormone must drop for parturition to occur and what hormone is responsible for uterine contractions?

A

Progesterone must drop and oxytocin promotes contractions.

47
Q

What hormones must work with the pro-contraction hormone in order to open the cervix?

A

relaxin and PGF2a

48
Q

What is the corpus luteum and where does it come from?

A

The CL is the site of ovulation.

49
Q

At what point does the estrus cycle progress from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

A

at ovulation

BMS 538 Physiology (3 decks)

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