Reproductive Physiology Flashcards by sandy sivaskandan

Name the major parts of female reproductive system?

Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries

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Where does implantation occur?

Uterus

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What is the function of PFG2a?

cause involution of corpus luteum

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What major hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone

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What is follicular atresia?

Apoptosis like regression of non-maturing follicles

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What is the function of vagina, uterus, ovaries?

Vagina: site of semen deposition

Uterus: site of implantation

Ovaries: site of oogenesis and ovulation

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What are the 2 follicular cells that become the corpus luteum?

Theca and granulosa cells

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What are the 3 accessory glands?

Seminal vesicles

prostate

bulbourethral glands

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Where are spermatozoa created?

Seminiferous tubules

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What cells produce the testosterone that matures sperm?

Leydig cells

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At which stage of spermatogenesis is the tail evident?

mature spermatid

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What is the hypothalamic peptide that is the central regulator of male and female reproductive physiology?

GnRH

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What sperm structure is physically involved in penetrating the ovum?

Acrosome

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What are serotoli cells?

cells in semineferous tubules that move maturing spermatozoa towards the lumen of the tubule.

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What two anterior pituitary hormones regulate male reproductive physiology and what are their functions?

LH regulate testosterone release from Leydig cells

FSH regulates spermatogenesis at sertoli cells

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What is antrum and why is it important for ovulation?

Fluid sac surrounding ovum

Helps propel ovum out of ovary at ovulation

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How is estrogen a negative regulator?

Estrogen prevents release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

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What two factors cause the involution of the CL in the absence of the trophoblast implantation?

Luteolysis and Finite lifespan of CL

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Which part of the autonomic nervous system regulates tumescence and which part regulates ejaculation?

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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Name two anatomical storage sites for sperm:

Epididymis

Vas deferens

What is the difference between musculovascular and fibroelastic penises?

musculovascular penises expand in diameter and length, whereas fibroelastic penises only expand in length

Why does testosterone interact with an intracellular receptor while the other hormones (LH, FSH, GnRH, prolactin, and inhibin) interact with receptors that extend outside of the cell?

testosterone is lipid-like and thus can traverse biologic membranes while the others are peptides that cannot penetrate the cell

What is the basis for precocious puberty?

a genetic mutation that leads to overproduction of testosterone

Name the clotting factor added to sperm and how does it get “unclotted”:

fibrinogen is added by the seminal vesicles, activated by the prostate that also adds profibrinolysin which is converted to fibrinolysin in the vagina; fibrinolysin then breaks apart the fibrin, freeing the sperm

Name the four major spermatozoal tail proteins involved in flagellation and which is the analog of actin?

dyein, kinesin, nexin, tubulin (the actin analog)

Why does penile vasodilation lead to tumescence, and what is the main chemical mediator of this process?

the central penile artery vasodilates (in response to nitric oxide) allowing blood to escape into and fill the corpus cavernosum

What is the os penis?

a bone in the penis that helps to maintain tumescence during coitus in the dog, cat, and non-humans primates

(14) What is the negative regulator of male reproductive physiologic hormones, where does it come from, and how does it work?

inhibin is released by the Sertoli cells (in response to testosterone) and prevents the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH

How does Viagra work?

It inhibits and enzyme that promotes detumescence

Why is cancer a side effect of anabolic steroids?

Anabolic steroids activate the androgen receptor that can cause cell hyperplasia

Why is a vasectomy difficult to reverse? It

It is challenging to reconnect the vas deferens and the immune system may be primed to harm the Why is a vasectomy difficult to reverse? It few sperm that are produced.

What is unusual about the regulation of the milk production hormone?

Prolactm is the only pituitary hormone whose release i\> negatively regulated by the hypothalamus.

How is the pro-pregnancy activity of the CL supplanted by the placenta?

The placenta starts producing ample progesterone at a certain stage stage pregnancy.

What two hormones promote mammary development and which hormones promotes milk production and release?

Estrogen and progeszerone promote mammary development, prolactin promotes milk production, and oxytocin promotes milk release.

What type of receptor recognizes each of the following: estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, PGF2ct, and relaxin?

intracellular, intracellular. GPCR. GPCR. and tyrosine kinase, respectively

Where does fertilization occur and why does only one sperm penetrate the ovum?

Fertilization occurs in the oviduct and the sperm penetration leads to a calcium influx that release granules thaz repel other sperm.

How is estrogen a negative regulator?

Estrogen prevents the release of GnRH, FSH. and LH.

What is involved in the LH surge at ovulation?

Progesterone is needed for estrogen-mediated izhibition of LH release, so when progesterone levels get vel-v low the negative effect of estrogen on LH release is gone.

How is the CL maintained if implantation occurs, and what pro-pregnancy hormone does it continue to secrete?

lmp]antation leads to l al a decrease in endometrial cell production of PGF2c or a physical re-routing of this hormone: hCG is produced by the trophoblast cells and it sustains the Ck via LH-like activity. Progesterone is the major pro-pregnancy homone.

Name the progressive designations of the fertilized egg from the injection of the pronucleus,

zygote to morula to blastocvst

Name the hypothalamic peptide that is the central regulator of female reproductive physiology.

GnRH

What are the two anterior pituitary hormones that regulate female reproductive physiology, and what are their general functions?

LH induce testosterone synthesis m the theca cells while FSH causes testosterone to estrogen conversion in granulosa cells.

What is the negative regulator of female reproductive physiologic hormones, where does it come from, and how does it work?

inhibin is released by granulosa cells and it prevents further release of GnRH.

What is involved in the LH surge at ovulation?

Progesterone is needed for estrogen-mediated izhibition of LH release, so when progesterone levels get vel-v low the negative effect of estrogen on LH release is gone.

(15) Why is LH not a good name for this hormone? It

It does more than luteinize.

What hormone must drop for parturition to occur and what hormone is responsible for uterine contractions?

Progesterone must drop and oxytocin promotes contractions.

What hormones must work with the pro-contraction hormone in order to open the cervix?

relaxin and PGF2a

What is the corpus luteum and where does it come from?

The CL is the site of ovulation.

At what point does the estrus cycle progress from the follicular phase to the luteal phase?

at ovulation