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PNB 2775 > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

SRY gene

A

sex determining region of the Y chromosome
regulates other genes

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2
Q

Hormones give rise to…

A

phenotype

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3
Q

Newly formed testes secrete

A

testosterone
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Anti mulleriam homrone

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4
Q

role of testosterone

A

gives rise to the development of internal genitalia associated with testes

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5
Q

role of DHT

A

gives rise to development of external genitalia associated with testes
converted by enzyme associated with testosterone

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6
Q

role of anti-mullerian hormone

A

causes the regression/degeneration of the mullerian ducts

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7
Q

Female gametogenesis before birth

A

by fifth month of fetal development:
completed mitosis
chromosome duplication to create primary oocyte

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8
Q

Male gametogenesis before birth

A

only mitosis

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9
Q

Female gametogenesis at puberty

A

first meiotic division: secondary oocyte and first polar body

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10
Q

male gametogensis at puberty

A

mitosis continues: chromosome duplication: primary spermocyte
first meiotic division: secondary spermocyte
second meiotic division: 4 spermatids (develop into 4 sperm)

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11
Q

If fertilization happens

A

second meiotic division: one egg and 2 polar bodies

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12
Q

Hormonal control of reproduction

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Gonads secrete sex hormones

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13
Q

GNRH

A

pulsatile release
controls Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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14
Q

gonads secrete sex hormones

A

inhibins (inhibit FSH secretion)
long loop and short loop

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15
Q

pulsitile GnRH

A

gonadotropins are not released when GnRH is not released in a pulsatile fashion
before puberty pulsatile GnRH is inhibited
pulsatile GnRh brings on puberty

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16
Q

Functions of testes

A

sperm production
production and secretion of testosterone- supports maturity of sperm and gives rise to secondary structures

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17
Q

Structure of testes

A

composed of seminiferous tubules
on outside edge of tubule spermatogonia are most immature by the time they get to the lumen they developed and become spermatids

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18
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

occurs in seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

spermatogenisis- basal compartment

A

have spermatogonia
hands of sertoli separate compartments and allow spermatogonia to move through and become spermatocytes (mitosis)

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20
Q

Spermatogenesis- adluminal compartment

A

first meiosis- primary into secondary spermocytes
second meiosis- secondary spermocytes into spermatids

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21
Q

Spermatogenesis- differentiation

A

spermatozoa in lumen

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis- spermiogenesis

A

morphological changes
maturation of spermatid into sperm cells

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23
Q

Two important cell types in testes

A

sertoli
leydig

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24
Q

Sertoli cells

A

promotes and sustains development
- seccretes growth factors and androgen binding protein
- forms blood-testes barrier
- phagocytosis of defective sperm
- produce and secrete hormones (inhibin and anti-mull.)

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25
Leydig cells
produce and secrete testosterone active in fetal life- gonadogenesis inactive after birth active and puberty and beyond- sexual maturity and function
26
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
In response to LH- leydig cells produce testosterone In response to FSH- sertoli cells support spermatogenesis
27
FSH stimulates Sertoli cells
releases paracrine agents secret androgen-binding protein without FSH sertoli cells will shrink and die
28
Secondary sexual characteristics
sex-specific features that are not essential for reproduction but are part of the sexual phenotype
29
Hormonal control of ovarian cycle
gonadotropin production follows a cyclic pattern LH is directly involved in gamete production Long-loop feedback on hypothalamo-pituitary axis is inhibitory AND stimulatori
30
Pituitary gonadotropins
FSH LH
31
Role of FSH-women
stimulates granulose cell growth stimulates key enzyme aromatase (converts androgen into estrogen) induce LH receptors on granulosa cells
32
Role of LH- women
stimulates thecal cell growth neutralizes the peptide oocyte maturation inhibitor induces psuedoinflammatory response by activating prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase stimulates progesterone
33
Cyclic changes in ovarian cycle (phases)
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase
34
Follicular phase
progressive growth of ovarian follicles results in the outgrow of one dominant follicle (Graafian follicle) which buds on the ovary surface
35
ovulation
dominant follicle bursts and the oocyte is expelled into abdominal cavity and enters the fallopian tubes
36
Luteal phase
most of cells that form the follicle wall remain in the ovaries and give rise to a secondary structure- the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur it spontaneously degenerates
37
Step 1 of ovarian cycle
Beginning of menstruation- low levels of steroid hormones cause the release of GnRh because of the lack of negative feedback
38
Step 2 of ovarian cycle
secretion of GnRH and gonadotropinsS
39
Step 3 of the ovarian cycle
Growth of follicle (due to FSH) and increase of estrogen (thecal cells secrete androgens, FSH stimulates aromatase to convert androgen into estrogen)
40
Step 4 of the ovarian cycle
Outgrow of the Graafian follicle shuts down FSH and sends paracrine signal to get other follicles to stop also releases so much estrogen
41
step 5 of the ovarian cycle
Estrogen released from Graafian follicle generates positive feedback and LH surges (causes oocyte to burst out of ovary)
42
Step 6 of ovarian cycle
LH stimulates corpus luteum
43
Step 7 of ovarian cycle
Estrogen decreases from above threshold to below it and this switches from positive to negative feedback- LH and FSH decrease Causes the regression of the corpus luteum
44
Step 8 of the Ovarian cycle
Corpus albicans remains
45
If pregnant what is the role of progesterone
inhibits smooth muscle contraction and motility of the uterine lining to keep the pregnancy
46
Feedback effects- Estrogen in low to moderate concentration
negative feedback inhibits FSH and LH (inhibin also inhibits FSH)
47
Feedback effects- Estrogen in high concentration
positive feedback increases LH (and FSH) in response to GnRH
48
Feedback effects-High concentration of progesterone and presence of estrogen
negative feedback inhibits GnRH
49
If pregnant what makes corpus luteum not degenerate
hCG is released by fertilized egg it mimicks LH and binds to corpus luteum and "rescues" it the corpus luteum releases progesterone to keep the pregnancy
50
Functions of the uterine cycle
supports implantation of fertilized egg supports early stages of embryonic development
51
uterine structure
perimetrium- outermost, serous layer myometrium- smooth muscle endometrium- mucosal lining - statum basalis- doesn't shed - stratum functionalis- does shed
52
Phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual phase proliferating phase secretory phase
53
Menstrual phase
degeneration of corpus luteum causes a drop in steroid hormone levels
54
proliferating phase
growth of endometrium driven by increased estrogen produced by the developing follicles
55
secretory phase
uterine wall becomes thick and primed for implantation driven by progesterone produced by corpus luteum after ovulation
56
Cumulus oocyte complex
secondary oocyte- innermost perivitelline space zona pellucida- layer outside of egg; prevents sperm from getting in corona radiata- outermost; contains cumulus cells and matrix
57
Fertilization step 1
Sperm capacitation sperm activates when entering female genitalia; undergoes morphological changes
58
Fertilization step 2
Acrosome reaction acrosome= layer of enzymes enzymes are released and digest layers surrounding oocyte
59
Fertilization step 3
sperm penetration in perivitelline space
60
Fertilization step 4
Cell membrane fusion sperm and egg fuse
61
Fertilization step 5
Cortical reaction one sperm changes the membrane of the egg so no other sperm can attach
62
Fertilization Step 6
Fusion of the pronuclei
63
Sperm penetration
sperm cell membrane fuses with the oocyte membrane this triggers the completion of meiosis in the oocyte
64
Embryo implantation
Fertilization occurs at ovulation (~day 14) Blastocyst really to implant (~day 20) uterine endometrium is primed and ready implanted fertilized egg releases human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

PNB 2775 (3 decks)

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