Reproductive-Mace Flashcards
1
Q
Production of Gametes:
Occurs in ____ for males
Occurs in _____ for females
A
Testes-> sperm (n)
Ovaries-> ovum (n)
2
Q
Gametes are produced by:
A
**Meiosis of germ cells:
3
Q
Meiosis of germ cells in males=
A
Spermatogonium (2n)
4
Q
Meiosis of germ cells in females=
A
oogenium (2n)
5
Q
what is the importance of Meiosis (aka production of gametes) ?
A
- Reducing the # of chromosomes
- **No info lost
6
Q
Fertilization occurs in the _______
A
fallopian tubes
7
Q
Fertilization produces:
A
Zygote (2n)
8
Q
Importance of fertilization?
A
Restore # of chromosomes to diploid state (2n)
9
Q
Female Gonads and Sex Hormones:
- Hypothalamus releases:
- Ant Pituitary releases:
A
- GnRH
- FSH and LH
female gonads= ovaries
10
Q
Ovarian follicle contains which hormone?
A
estrogen
11
Q
Corpus luteum consists of which hormone?
A
progesterone**
12
Q
Male Gonads and Sex Hormones:
- Hypothalamus releases:
- Ant Pituitary releases:
A
- GnRH
- FSH and LH
Male gonads= testes
13
Q
Testes produce _____
–interstitial cells produce _______
A
sperm, (& make testosterone)
interstitial cells produce testosterone
14
Q
The _________ is the gonad and the ________ is the gamete.
Testis; ovary Testis; semen Testis; sperm Sperm; semen Semen; sperm
A
Testis; sperm
15
Q
Development starts in the ______
A
**yolk sac
16
Q
Genital ridges form at ___ weeks
A
6
17
Q
At ___ weeks, differentiation starts
A
12
18
Q
Development summary:
A
Starts in yolk sac-> genital ridges (6 wks)-> 12 wks differentiation starts
20 weeks differences
19
Q
Development of fertilized egg:
when are “actual differences” seen?
A
20 weeks
20
Q
which chromosome indicates Male sex?
A
Y chromosome
21
Q
What does the Y chromosome provide?
A
**TDF= testes determining Factor
22
Q
when a fertilized egg is developing, what sex hormones will result in the development of a Male? What is producing these hormones?
A
Testosterone & MIF/AMH (Mullerian inhibiting Factor)
-**BOTH produced by the testes
23
Q
Testosterone induces the development of _______
A
mesonephric duct
24
Q
MIF/AMH: fx? (what does it inhibit)
A
Inhibits female
development
25
Fetal development:
| What is the "default system"? What does this result in?
- no action of embryo needed
- NO sex hormone production [ie: no T & MIF] --> so default to female sex
- **Paramesonephric duct (Mullerian Duct)
26
what is the primary sex organ of Males?
testis
27
What is the exocrine function of testis?
| endocrine fx?
EXO:
sperm
ENDO:
Testosterone
28
Testis: location?
outside of body cavity-> scrotum
29
Testicular temperature regulation is controlled by: (2 muscles)
Tunica cremaster-> abdominal muscles extension
Tunica dartos: smooth muscle-> wrinkle skin
30
Testis Structure:
| -External--> Tunica vaginalis covers _____
epididymis
31
Testis Structure:
| -internal covering of testis=
**Albuginea =fibrous CT that reaches deep internally-> creates lobules for seminiferous tubules
32
What stimulations would cause the testis to be brought closer to the body to increase their temperature?
- SNS activation
| - Cold temp
33
T or F:
| The temperature of the scrotum/testis should always be a little bit HIGHER than core body temperature
False. should always be slightly lower than core body temp
34
Male Pelvic Region: describe
- tetsis are located?
- immature sperm will enter _____, upon stimulation it will enter _______
bulbourethral glands emit ______ upon stimulation
Testis are outside the body, immature sperm will enter the epididymis--> upon stimulation it will enter vas deferens--> and ampulla of the ductus deferens merges with the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory duct in the prostate– ejaculatory duct merges with the urethra in the prostate--> as the urethra leaves the prostate--> enters urogenital diaphragm= membranous urethra.
Bulbourethral glands– emit an alkaline mucous into the spongy urethra upon stimulation and this allows for control of pH and bacteria so the sperm successfully leave the body
35
Male Genitalia: consists of ______
- testis
- epididymis
- Ductus Deferen (vas deferens)
- Penis
- Seminal vesicle, Prostate gland, Urethra, scrotum
36
function of spermatic cord?
provide protection to blood flow (testicular artery & pampiniform plexus) & protection of vas deferens
37
Spermatic fascia=
this is fascia around the spermatic cord & its contents that goes all the way up into the body
38
Pamniform plexus drains the _____
spermatic cord
39
Spermatic cord is flanked by the _______ muscle
cremaster
40
Development of sperm in the seminiferous tube:
| summary
Spermatogonium is located right on the outside of the smooth muscle layer on the outside of the seminiferous tubule. The smooth m will contract and enhance the movement of cells as they differentiate-– down towards the seminiferous tube
Spermatogonium--> goes through mitosis (creates 2 separate primary spermatocytes which have 46 pairs of chromosomes--> surrounded by susentacular cells (=Sertoli cells) they tightly fuse on the developing spermatocyte to create a tight junction--> Meiosis 1 (split down to secondary spermatocyte (with 23 pairs)--> also increase cytosol of spermatocyte--> Go through meiosis 2 and produce 4 spermatids (23 singles)--> these spermatids are pushed through the tight junction into the lumen--> this process= spermatogenesis!
Pay attention to= blood testis barrier--> not exactly a structural formation its more created by susentacular cells (aka Sertoli cell barrier) which helps to est. different chemical environments
--it blocks lymphocytes, it blocks complement, it can be problematic cuz lymphocytes may attack spermatids AND WE DON’T WANT THIS. We need to produce sperm
41
Blood testis barrier prevents....?
antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells
42
```
The _______ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it.
Germ cells
Muscular tissue
Sustentacular cells
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
```
Germ cells
(notes: Blood testis barrier prevents antibodies and lymphocytes, and variety of hormones from entering so they cant disrupt the germ cells that are developing)
43
List the 3 parts of the urethra (in males)
- prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy (penile) urethra
44
From their formation to ejaculation, sperm cells take the following pathway.
- Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, urethra, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens.
- Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, urethra.
- Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
- Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
- Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra, ductus deferens.
-Seminiferous tubules (in testes), rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
(my summary: Testisincluding the seminiferous tubules--> rate testis epididymis ductus deferens–> ampulla of seminal vesicle seminal vesicle comes together w ejaculatory duct to deliver seminal fluid ampulla at the seminal vesicle deposits sperm coming up through ductus deferens you are now in the ejaculatory duct at the beginning of the prostate now inside the prostate gland where prostatic fluid is deposited int the prostatic urethra now in the urogenital diaphragm--> membranous urethra bulbourethral gland deposits bulbourethral secretion into the urethra--> spongy urethra goes for bulb of penis into outside world )
45
Male internal accessory organs nurture and _____ sperm cells
transport**
46
List the Male internal accessory organs:
Epididymides
Ductus deferentia
Prostate gland
Urethra
Bulbourethral glands
Ejaculatory ducts
ED PUBE= internal
47
Epididymis= tightly coiled tubes located ______
-connected to ______
**At the top of each testis
-Connected to ducts within the testis
48
Epididymis: fx?
Promote maturation of sperm cells
49
Ductus Deferentia aka ______
vas deferens
50
Vas deferens are muscular tubes about ___cm each
45cm
51
Vas deferens: each extends from the _______ to the ________
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
52
the Vas deferens is covered in which epithelia?
-pseudostratified columnar epith, and smooth muscle** (for peristalsis)
53
Seminal Vesicles:
| -each is attached to the ______
-vas deferens near base of the urinary bladder
54
Seminal Vesicles:
| -secrete? (**3 things)
- alkaline fluid
- fructose
- prostaglandins
55
Seminal Vesicles:
| -it's contents empty into the ______
ejaculatory duct
56
Prostate Gland surrounds the proximal portion of the ______
urethra
57
The ducts of the prostate gland open into the _____
urethra
58
Prostate Gland: secretes ______
**a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
59
Prostate gland secretions enhance _______
**sperm mobility
60
Prostate gland is composed of:
- _____ glands in CT
- _____ muscle
- tubular glands in CT
| - Also contains smooth muscle
61
Bulbourethral Glands AKA _______
Cowper’s glands
62
Bulbourethral Glands: located ______
inferior to the prostate
63
Bulbourethral Glands:
secrete _____
-fluid is released in response to _____
**mucous-like fluid
-Sexual stimulation
64
Semen= fluid the urethra conveys during ________
ejaculation
65
Semen: components (list)
- Sperm cells
- Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
- Slightly alkaline
- Contains prostaglandins & nutrients
66
Semen:
| -volume is ___ mL of semen per ejaulation
2-5 mL
67
Semen:
| Average of ____ million sperm cells per mL of semen
120 million**
68
Hormonal Regulation Spermatogenesis/Androgen Production:
| -starting with the Hypothalamus releasing GnRH, describe the steps that lead to production of testosterone
1. GnRH released from hypothalamus--> stimulates anterior pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH
3. FSH stimulates sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubule (for sperm production)
4. Sustentacular cells produce ABP
5. ABP is stimulatory for
Testosterone (and this stimulates MORE spermatogenesis)
6. While LH will stimulate interstitial cells (interstitial cells are MAIN testosterone producers)--> stimulates testosterone production
7. Testosterone levels will be the main negative feedback, with testosterone negatively feeding back on the Hypothalamus AND the anterior pituitary. Hypothal will reduce GnRH production and Ant pituitary will decrease FSH and LH
8. Sustentacular cells also produce inhibin--> Inhibin will also inhibit anterior pituitary from releasing FSH and LH
69
_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete____
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); LH
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
Luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen
LH; testosterone
70
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to produce ____
ABP
71
Male Reproductive Physiology:
| 1. Excitement (describe)
1. Excitement (visual, mental, and other stimuli)
2. Stimulation of Genital region, especially glans
3. Internal pudendal nerve--> spinal cord (sacral area) --> pelvic nerve (= efferent parasympathetic signals)
4. -Deep artery of penis dilates; erectile tissues engorge w blood; penis becomes erect.
- Trabecular muscle of erectile tissue relaxes; allows engorgement of erectile tissues; penis becomes erect .
- And the Bulbourethral gland secretes bulbourethral fluid
72
Secondary Phase: Ejaculation
| describe
2. Ejaculation:
-- Spinal Cord (L1-L2)--> **Efferent sympathetic signals-> leads to emission stage (=orgasm)
-ductus deferens exhibits peristalsis; sperm are moved into ampulla; ampulla contracts; sperm are moved into urethra
-prostate secretes components of the seminal fluid
-seminal vesicles secrete components of the seminal fluid --->
LEADS to: semen in urethra-> Expulsion stage (orgasm): --> Afferent signals--> Spinal cord (L1-L4):
- First phase: Efferent sympathetic signals-->
- Prostate releases additional secretion
- seminal vesicles release additional secretion
- internal urethral sphincter contracts; urine is retained in the bladder
-2nd phase: Efferent somatic signals: Bulbocavernosus muscle contracts, & rthymically compresses bulb and root of penis; semen is EXPELLED (=ejaculation occurs)
73
Third Phase: Resolution/Refractory (list steps)
Spinal cord (L1/L2)--> sends efferent sympathetic signals--> Resolution:
- Internal pudendal artery constricts; reduces blood flow into penis
- Trabecular muscles contract; squeeze blood from erectile tissues
- Penis becomes flaccid (detumescent)
74
Erection is:
A. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
B. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
C. A somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
D. A somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
E. An exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cortex
A. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
75
Puberty:
| -list changes associated with puberty that occur in males and females
puberty= begin reproductive life
- Increased erythropoeisis
- Thickening of skin
- Increased BMR
- Increased sebum production
- Increased size of 2nd sex organs
- Pubic and axillary hair growth
76
Puberty:
| -list changes associated with Males
-Enlargement of scrotum, testes, duct system
And accessory glands
- Increased larynx-> deeper voice
- Increased muscle mass and bone thickening
- Facial and body hair growth
77
Puberty:
| -list changes that occur with females
- Breast development and onset of Menarche
- Enlargement of labia majora, minora & duct system
- Vaginal metaplasia
- Widening of hips and increased fat deposits
- (Larynx, height and muscle mass also, but affect is less (as compared to males))
78
Climacteric=
end of reproductive life
79
Climacteric:
| -List changes that occur with males
-Decreased levels of testosterone
-But continuing spermatogenesis
-Commonly seen:
Prostate enlargement
Erectile dysfunction
Impotence
80
Climacteric:
| -List changes that occur with females
```
-Defined as menopause, when
menstrual cycles have stop for 1 year
-Usually accompanied by:
-hot flashes
-thinner vaginal wall (drier)
-uterus shrinks
-increased risk for heart disease
-increased risk for osteoporosis
```
81
After puberty, the vaginal lining becomes ______ to __________
A. Simple squamous epithelium, allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted
B. Stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
C. Transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery
D. Simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants
E. Simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication
B. Stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
82
```
The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called:
Puberty
Climacteric
Thelarche
Pubarche
Menarche
```
Pubarche
83
Ovary Overview:
(describe)
1. start out with the ______ follicles (produced prenatally)---> develop into ______ follicles under ___/__ stimulation
1. 1. Start out with primordial follicles (produced prenatally)-> develop into primary follicles under FSH and LH stimulation--> they become secondary follicles (characterized by beginning of antrum and granulation of follicle)--> tertiary follicle=vesicular follicle
Tertiary follicle--> next step is ovulation--> releases secondary oocyte (leaving the vesicular follicle husk in the ovary itself)--> this will evolve in the cortex and become the corpus luteum (=major progesterone producer after ovulation)--> at the end of the cycle the corpus albicans will be the “scar” of the CL from that cycle
84
Ovaries are held in place by which 2 ligaments?
suspensory and ovarian ligament
85
Thelarche=
beginning of breast development
86
What is inside of the Primary follicle in the ovary?
primary oocyte
87
Granulosa Cells:
- Produce ______
- located?
- **estrogen
| - surround the primary oocyte within the stratum granulosum layer
88
Thecal cells:
| -located?
in the outer layer of stratum granulosum that surround primary oocyte (**part of follicle)
89
Zona Pellucida=
A thick, transparent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte
90
What's inside of the primary oocyte?
Nucleus of primary oocyte
&
Nucleolus of primary oocyte
91
What does it mean when you see "progression antrum"?
separation of corona radiata & follicle = secondary follicle! (but still have primary oocyte)
92
theca lutein cells=
what thecal cells became after ovulation
93
Granulosa Lutein cells=
what granulosa cells become after ovulation
94
Corpus luteum develops after ______
ovulation**--> produces progesterone
95
Oogenesis: 3 steps
| -Step 1
1. Prenatal: Development of egg (oogenesis)
2. Multiplication of oogonia (2n)--> undergoes mitosis--> Primary oocyte (2n)
STOP: in prophase 1. Entering Meiosis 1
96
Oogenesis: 3 steps
| -step 2=
1. Adolescence to Menopause: **Ovarian phases observed
- After puberty, once each month:
- Finishing Meiosis 1
- Secondary oocyte (n)--> first polar body dies --> secondary oocyte (n) is ovulated --> Start of Meiosis 2
97
Oogenesis: 3 steps
| Third step=
```
=Fertilization
If fertilized (ie secondary oocyte (ovulated)-->secondary oocyte undergoes Meiosis 2-> Zygote (2n)--> Embryo
```
98
Ovum refers to any
stage from primary
oocyte until _______
**fertilization
99
If not fertilized, the secondary oocyte will _________
**exit via Menses
100
Follicular Development vs. Oogenesis:
-With the Primordial Follicle, you have ________
-Primordial follicle consists of ____ cells
primary oocyte (prophase 1)
**simple squamous
101
Follicular Development vs. Oogenesis:
-With Primary follicle, you have _______
-Primary follicle consists of ___ cells
Primary oocyte
-**Granulosa cells (cuboidal)
102
Follicular Development vs. Oogenesis:
-With Secondary Follicle, the primary oocyte finishes _____, Secondary oocyte ____, and Secondary oocyte arrested in _____
-Secondary Follicle= antrum starting ______
-**Primary finishes meiosis I,
Secondary oocyte starts, &
Secondary oocyte arrested
in meiosis II/metaphase
-separation of corona radiata & follicle itself
103
Follicular Development :
| -Mature/Tertiary Follicle (describe)
Corona radiata/cumulus
| oophorus
104
Follicular Development vs. Oogenesis:
| -Describe what happens between the tertiary follicle and Ovulation with the secondary oocyte in Oogenesis
- Secondary oocyte - arrested
| - Create ovum: post-fertilization
105
Follicular Development
| -Ovulation=
exit from ovaries
106
Secondary Sex Organs:
| -Describe the Duct System
```
Duct System:
a. Uterine Tubes
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
D. External Genitalia
```
107
Uterine tubes:
| -are the site for ______
**fertilization
| & Site of artificial sterilization
108
Uterus:
| -list the 3 regions
Cervix
Body
fundus
109
Uterus:
| -list the 3 layers
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
110
Describe the Vagina
- what type of environment?
- Undergoes ____ in puberty
=Muscular tube -> birthcanal
- Acidic environment
- **undergoes Metaplasia in puberty
111
Describe the Female External Genitalia
- Clitoris
- Labia minora
- Labia majora
- Accessory glands open into vestibule
112
List the 3 Accessory Glands that open into the vestibule
- Greater vestibular gland
- Lesser vestibular gland
- Paraurethral gland
113
Round ligament goes from:
uterus itself out to the pelvis
114
Broad ligament of the uterus: fx?
everything in place
115
Slide 45
go over anatomy
116
Uterus: endometrium
| -contains?
substantial endometrial glands
117
Uterus: Functional Layer of endometrium
Functional layer is sloughed during menstruation, Basal layer IS NOT sloughed
118
Female Hormones:
| -Estrogen: fx?
- Egg maturation
- Proliferation of stratum functionalis
- Secondary sex characteristics (appear in puberty)
119
Female Hormones:
| -Progesterone: list the 3 functions
- Prepare uterus for possible pregnancy
- Maintains pregnancy
- Breast development
120
Cyclic absence of estrogen leads to onset of _______
**menstrual cycle
121
Drop in estrogen during middle age leads to ______
**menopause
122
Ovarian Cycle:
- Follicular Phase:
- -Lasts how many days?
- -Describe the Hormones and cell types
-Day 1 to Day 13
-FSH in charge-> leads to estrogen secretion by
Granulosa cells, thecal cells produce precursor
-Folliculogenesis**
123
Folliculogenesis represents=
the maturation from
| premordial follicle to tertiary follicle (mature follicle)
124
Ovarian Cycle:
-describe Ovulation
(occurs on which day? Hormones?)
- **Day 14
| - LH surge required; relies on continues increase of estrogen: Oocyte leaves ovaries
125
Ovarian Cycle:
| -describe the Luteal Phase
- **Day 15-Day 28
| - LH charge-> induces formation of corpus luteum
126
Corpus luteum secretes _____ and ______
estrogen and progesterone
127
Hormonal Interactions in the Ovarian Cycle:
| -Describe the steps in the follicular phase and Late follicular, ovulation, and Luteal Phase
Most of Follicular phase:
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, which stimulates anterior pituitary.
2. At Ant. Pituitary: FSH and LH stimulate follicular development
3. Maturing ovarian follicles secrete inhibin (which inhibits FSH production) and low levels of estrogen (which initially inhibit both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary).
4. Estrogen also assists w the development of the mature follicle (LOW estrogen levels at this time)
Late Follicular, ovulation and Luteal phase
5. Mature follicle produces a large threshold amount of estrogen, which stimulates thehypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Estrogen is at HIGH levels now
6. An LH surge from the anterior pituitary induces ovulation.
7. LH The corpus luteum forms under the influence of LH
8. LH surge induces ovulation*** The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin, which inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
9. Negative Feedback: Progesterone, estrogen and inhibin negatively feedback on ant pituitary and hypothalamus
128
Menstrual Cycle- Uterine cycle:
| Consists of 4 phases (list)
- Menstrual Phase
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory Phase
- Premenstrual phase
129
Describe the Menstrual Phase:
- Days:
- 3 things that occur
-Day 1- Day 5
- Extrusion of stratium functionalis
- Stratum basale is not affected
- Enzymes prevent blood clotting
130
Describe the Proliferative Phase:
- Days?
- Hormone in charge?
- 3 things that occur
- Day 6-day 14
- Hormone in charge: estrogen
- Regrowth of stratum functionalis;
- Building of endometrial glands
- Angiogenesis (spiral arteries)
131
Describe the Secretory Phase:
- Days?
- Hormone in charge?
- Describe Nutrient enrichment
- Day 15-day 26
- Hormone in charge=**progesterone
- Nutrient enrichment-> mature endometrial gland
- **Fully developed spiral arteries
132
Describe the Premenstrual phase:
- Days:
- Caused by:
- Day 27/28
- **Retraction of spiral arteries
- ->Cell death by necrosis
133
Proliferative phase= growing ______
**spiral arteries
134
Secretory phase= endometrial glands begin secretion, and spiral arteries are ______
fully developed
135
Menstrual phase= dialing back of _______
spiral arteries
136
After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the ________ and secretes_______.
Corpus albicans; FSH and LH
Corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone
Corpus luteum; FSH and LH
Corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
Corpus albicans; progesterone
Corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
137
```
Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase?
GnRH
FSH
LH
Progesterone
estradiol
```
**Progesterone
138
MEMORIZE SLIDE 54
MEMORIZE
139
The term menstrual cycle specifically refers to:
A. The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth.
B. The events that recur every month during pregnancy
C. The cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause.
D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes.
E. The cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormone changes.
D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes.
140
Mammary Glands:
- function=
- Location=
= milk production
| - superficial to pectoralis major
141
Mammary Glands:
| -structural heirarchy?
alveoli; lobule; lobe; lactiferous sinus
142
Mammary Glands:
| Development during _____
Puberty-> Thelarche (=breast development)
| -**Driven by Progesterone and estrogen
143
Lactation:
| Production of milk via _____ (hormone?)
Prolactin
144
Lactation:
| ejection of milk via____
oxytocin
145
Female sexual response:
| -Unstimulated (describe)
Uterus tilts forward over urinary bladder; vagina relatively narrow; labia minora retracted
146
Female sexual response:
| -Excitement/arousal phase (describe)
Uterus stands more superiorly; inner end of vagina dilates; labia minora become vasocongested, may extend beyond labia majora; labia minora and vaginal mucosa become red to violet due to hyperemia; vaginal transudate moistens vagina and vestibule
147
Female sexual response:
| -Plateau=
Uterus is tented (erected) and cervix is withdrawn from vagina; orgasmic platform (lower one-third) of vagina constricts penis; clitoris is engorged and its glans is withdrawn beneath prepuce; labia are bright red or violet
148
Female sexual response:
| -orgasm=
Orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically; cervix may dip into pool of semen; uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions; anal and urinary sphincters constrict
149
Female sexual response:
| -resolution=
Uterus returns to original position; orgasmic platform relaxes; inner end of vagina
constricts and returns to original dimensions
150
Mammary glands develop within the breasts primarily
During the last weeks of fetal development.
A. At birth.
B. During infancy.
C. During puberty.
D. During pregnancy.
D. During puberty.
151
The basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the __________ feedback effects of _______.
- positive; FSH and LH
- Positive; estrogens and progesterone
- Negative; FSH and LH
- Negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Negative; estrogens and progesterone
**Negative; estrogens and progesterone
