Reproductive function 1

Question 1

Discuss normal female reproductive anatomy

Answer 1

Ovaries-produce hormones that regulate reproductive function and secondary sex characteristics (enlarged breast, wide hips etc.)

Uterus
-Uterine Tube
-Body
-Cervix
-Endometrium/Myometrium

Vaginia
Labia/Clitoris
Mammary Glands

Question 2

Discuss normal female reproductive physiology

Answer 2

This system is a complex system that includes organs to manage the generation of eggs (oogenesis), transportation of eggs (ovulation), for fertilization (impregnation), support of fetal development (gestation), birth of the fetus (parturition), and feeding of the offspring (through lactation).

Question 3

Describe and compare common menstrual disorders. (Abnormal uterine bleeding)

Answer 3

Abnormal frequency, regularity, duration and/or volume for most of past 6 months

Acute or Chronic

Widely experienced, especially at menarche (first menstrual of a female human) and perimenopause

Question 4

Describe and compare common menstrual disorders. (Heavy Menstrual bleeding)

Answer 4

Increased daily/monthly volume

Question 5

Describe and compare common menstrual disorders. (Intermenstrual bleeding)

Answer 5

bleeding between regular menses

Question 6

Describe and compare common menstrual disorders. (Amenorrhea)

Answer 6

Absence of menstruation
May be primary, secondary, or normal.
Causes: genetic disorders, congenital defects, hypothalamic tumors, stress, sudden weight loss, extreme reduction in body fat, anemia. pregnancy etc

Question 7

Describe and compare common menstrual disorders. (Dysmenorrhea)

Answer 7

Painful menstruation
Cramping pain impairs usual daily activities; begins at end of ovulation and continues through menstruation.

Causes: unknown, reproductive conditions (e.g., endometriosis or reproductive cancers), and after childbirth

Question 8

Discuss various disorders of the reproductive structures: prolapse, disorders of the uterus/ovaries/breasts.

(Uterus)

Answer 8

Descent (downward) of the uterus or cervix into the vagina

Uterine prolapse results from conditions that stretch or weaken the pelvic support (e.g., childbirth, aging, obesity, chronic cough, and chronic constipation)

Question 9

Disorders of the Uterus
(Endometriosis)

Answer 9

Endometriosis
-tissue that grows outside of the uterus
-most commonly grows in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum, but the tissue can grow anywhere in the body

Question 10

Disorders of the Uterus
Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

Answer 10

Firm rubbery growth of the myometrium, occurring as well defined, unencapsulated masse

Cause: unknown, but most seem to grow during the menstruation years in the presence of estrogen and shrink after menopause

Manifestations: asymptomatic; menorrhagia; pain in the pelvis, back, or legs; urinary frequency etc.

Question 11

Disorders of the Ovaries
Ovarian cysts

Answer 11

-Benign, fluid filled, sacs on the ovary, often formed in the ovulation process

-may rupture, causing abdominal/pelvic pain

-Complications: hemorrhaging, peritonitis, infertility, and amenorrhea

Manifestations: asymptomatic, abdominal pain or discomfort, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and abdominal distension

Question 12

Disorders of the Ovaries
Polycystic ovary syndrome

Answer 12

-Ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts

-Exact cause is unknown, but linked to hormone and endocrine abnormalities

Manifestations: Infertility (anovulation), amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness

Question 13

Disorders of the breasts
Fibrocystic Breast Changes/Masses

Answer 13

Numerous benign nodules in the breast, more frequent during childbearing years

-Firm, movable masses more prominent and painful during menstruation

Manifestation: dense, irregular, bumpy breast tissue; dull heavy breast pain or tenderness;

Question 14

Disorders of the breasts
Mastitis

Answer 14

Breast tissue inflammation associated with infection and lactation.

-Usually develops within 6 weeks of childbirth due to a staphylococcal or streptococcal bacterium introduced to the nipple through breastfeeding

Question 15

Describe and compare infectious disorders of the reproductive system.

Candidiasis

Answer 15

Yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans
-Most frequently occurs in the vagina and is a common cause of vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina)

Manifestations; thick, white vaginal discharge; valvular erythema and edema; vaginal and labial itching and burning; dysuria; and painful sexual intercourse

Question 16

Describe and compare infectious disorders of the reproductive system.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Answer 16

Infection of the female reproductive system; bacteria usually ascend from the vagina (acute or chronic)

Causes: STI; bacteria introduced during childbirth, endometrial procedures

Question 17

Describe and compare cancers of the reproductive system

Cervical Cancer

Answer 17

Rates have been declining in recent years with screening advancements and vaccinations.

Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV.

-Can be transmitted to oral/head and neck region… higher risk of head and neck cancer