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Repro 313 > Reproductive endocrinology Lecture Two > Flashcards

Reproductive endocrinology Lecture Two Flashcards

1
Q

How long are males fertile for?

A

Lifelong from puberty.

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2
Q

What happens to the quality and quantity of male sperm?

A

Starts off around 100million per day produced. Decrease in quality and quantity with age.

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3
Q

Describe female gamete production:

A

Female’s are born with 7 million follicles. Cyclic release one follicle every month from puberty till menopause (50ish). Around 400 follicles released over a lifetime. rest are degraded.

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4
Q

When are females fertile?

A

cyclic fertility 4-5 days a month from puberty till menopause.

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5
Q

What endocrine axis is involved in hormone production?

A

The HPA is involved in hormone production

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6
Q

Where are sex hormones produced?

A

IN the gonads

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7
Q

Whats the function of the gonads?

A

The production of sex hormones and gametes.

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8
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical that is released from a cell that acts on a cell downstream to induce a change.

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9
Q

What are characteristics of hormone action?

A
  • Hormone specificity
  • Tissue specificity
  • High affinity receptor binding
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10
Q

What are the three main classes of hormones?

A
  • Lipid
  • Protein
  • Monoamine
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11
Q

What are the two main classes of lipid hormones?

A
  • Steroids (i.e Testosterone, oestrogen)

- Eicosanoids (prostoglandins)

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12
Q

Where are steroid hormone produced?

A

In the gonads

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13
Q

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

A

Hydrophobic.

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14
Q

What are two subgroups of protein hormones?

A
  • Ganadotrophic glycoproteins i.e FSH,LH, hCG

- Small peptides i.e GnRH, Oxytocin

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15
Q

What is the solubility of protein hormones?

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

How are steroid hormones transported in the blood stream?

A

They are bound to protein carrier molecules such as:

  • SHBG
  • CBG
  • ABP
  • Albumin
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17
Q

What are the examples of androgens (steroid hormone)?

A

Testosterone

5a dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

What are the examples of oestrogens?

A

Oestrone
Oestradiol
Oestriol

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19
Q

Whats an example of a progestagen?

A

Progesterone

20
Q

What are the types of cell receptors that hormones interact with?

A 
Cell surface receptors (protein hormones)
Intracellular receptors (steroid hormones)
21
Q

Describe how protein hormones function mechanistically:

A

Protein hormone is soluble (hydrophilic), moves through the blood to the specific cell and binds to the specific receptor. This cell surface receptor uses secondary messages such as Ca and cAMP to mediate its affect and affect gene translation (mRNA production) to produce as desired affect

22
Q

Describe how steroid hormones act on receptors mechanistically:

A

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic so bind to a carrier protein and travel through the blood before “hopping off” and diffusing into a specific cell. It binds to an intracellular receptor and affects mRNA production to produce a desired affect.

23
Q

Describe the flow of hormone release:

A

Hormones are released in a pulsatile manner.

24
Q

Why are hormones released in a pulsatile manner?

A

To prevent receptor desensitisation and down regulation.

25
Q

What are the three key features of a hormone system?

A
  • Hierarchal arrangement of endocrine glands
  • Amplification
  • Homeostatic mechanisms to regulate hormone levels.
26
Q

What is a homeostatic system?

A

Negative feedback or positive in some rare instances.

27
Q

Describe negative feedback loop lengths

A

Short-short
short
Long
Long long loop

28
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

To act as a homeostatic regulator for retro, stress, body temp, hunger, thirst and sleep

29
Q

What link does the hypothalamus create?

A

A joy link between the nervous and endocrine systems

30
Q

Describe the pituitary gland.

A

Divided into Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis). Hypophyseal portal network surrounds the pituitary gland with sup. and inf. cap beds.

31
Q

Whats the role of the neurohypophysis in the endocrine system?

A

The neurohypophysis contains neurosecretory neurone that extend from the hypothesis (where it synthesises hormone into vesicles) to the post. pituitary where the vesicles of hormones sit in the pre synapse. Upon AP the vesicles binds to the presynaptic cleft and expel their hormones into the surrounding hypophyseal capillary network.

32
Q

How does the anterior pituitary release hormones?

A

The hypothalamus synthesises releasing or inhibiting hormones and releases them into the sup hypophyseal capillary network. These travel down the hypophyseal veins into the inferior hypophyseal network before diffusing into the ant. pituitary and acting on receptors. This modulates the release of hormones from the secretory cells in the ant pituitary into the inferior hypophyseal cap, where it travels to the rest of the body and functions.

33
Q

How are neurosecretory neurons arranged in the thalamus?

A

The neurosecretory neurons are aggregated into nuclei.

34
Q

What nuclei are the neurosecretory neurons aggregated into?

A

The Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.

35
Q

What hormones does the post. pituitary release?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

36
Q

Whats the function of oxytocin and ADH?

A

Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction in milk ejection and uterine contractions.

ADH - Vasoconstriction and water retention

37
Q

Describe the regulation of the anterior pituitary cells:

A

Hypothalamus releases releasing and inhibiting factors. The action of the ant. pit. hormone on its target cell, causes a negative feedback loop which alters hormone secretion at the pituitary and hypothalamic levels.

38
Q

What are the families of hormones released by the ant. pituitary gland?

A
  1. Growth hormone - prolactin family.
  2. Glycoproteins (FSH, LH, hCG (ganadotrophs)
  3. ACTH- related family
39
Q

What are some hypothalamic hormones that act on the pituitary?

A

GnRH
CRH
TRH

40
Q

How are anterior pituitary secretory cels arranged?

A

Secretory cells are arranged in clumps

41
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop of GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus released GnRH
Ant. pit releases LH and FSH as a result.
This causes gametogenesis and steroid hormone production. These cause negative or positive feedback at the level of the pituitary and the hypothalamus.

42
Q

Describe ganadotrophs:

A

Made up of an alpha and beta unit.
Alphas are the same
Betas vary

Giving similar specificity.

i.e LH, FSH

43
Q

Whats the function of FSH and LH in males and females?

A

FSH - Growth of ovarian follicles and spermatozoon

LH- Stimulation of oestrogen’s release and testosterones.

44
Q

The pulse and amplitude release of GnRH are regulated by?

A
  • Oestradiol concentration
  • Neural influences (puberty)
  • Ganadotrophs
  • Endorphins
45
Q

What are GnRH analogues used and what for?

A

Treatment of:

  • Endometriosis, fibroids, breast cancer and menorrhagia (decreased estradiol)
  • Precocious puberty
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • IVF therapy
46
Q

What must be considered when using GnRH analogues?

A

Normally released in a pulsatile manner. Treatment may result in prolonged elevated levels and therefore receptor desensitisation and deregulation

Repro 313 (20 decks)

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