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Medsci 313 > Reproductive Disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Female Pseudohermaphroditism

A

46, XX an overmasculinised female

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2
Q

Male Pseudohermaphroditism

A

46, XY, undermasculinised male

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3
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Male with an extra X chromosome, XXY

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4
Q

Symptoms of Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

tall, small genteel, impaired speech, small external genital, pear shaped body

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5
Q

How does Klinefelter’s Syndrome occur

A

Meiotic non-disjunction of the X chromosome of either parent, the extra X chromosome does not permit the survival of germ cells in the testis

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6
Q

Azzospermia In Klinefelters Syndrome

A

14% of men with this condition are azoospermic, which means no sperm in semen

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7
Q

hormones in Klinefelters Syndrome

A

decreased Androgen levels and increased levels of LH, FSH and Oestrogens

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8
Q

Why is there decreased Androgen in Klinefelter’s

A

because no sperm in testis

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9
Q

Why is there increased height in Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

inability of hormones to control growth

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10
Q

45XO Turners Syndrome

A

complete or partial X chromosomes monosomy in a phenotypic female, usually it Is an XX

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11
Q

XO Turners Syndrome and Infertility

A

loss of an X chromosome leads to an early loss of follicles, lack of ovarian development and usually infertility

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12
Q

Clinical features of XO Turners Syndrome

A

webbed neck, low set ears, nevi (spots over the body)

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13
Q

Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis

A

chromosomes are either 46 XY or 46 XX

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14
Q

what does baby appear as in Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis

A

As a female

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15
Q

what happens in Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis

A

there is no development of Gonads, testes may be present but they don’t develop, so the absence of testes make the child look female

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16
Q

True Hermaphroditism

A

is extremely rare and a combination of gonadal transport is present.

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17
Q

Gynadromorph

A

an ovary on one side and testies on the other side

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18
Q

When is a couple considered Infertile

A

have participated in unprotected sex for a year without becoming pregnant

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19
Q

Oligospermia

A

reduced sperm numbers

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20
Q

Teratosoospermia

A

increased number of abnormalities

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21
Q

Asthenazoospermia

A

decreased motility of sperm

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22
Q

Azoospermia

A

absence of sperm

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23
Q

normal volume of sperm

A

2-6 ml

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24
Q

Doubtful volume of sperm

A

1.5 -2 mL

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25
Q

Infertile volume of Sperm

A

less than 1.5 ml

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26
Q

Normal count of sperm per mL

A

20-250

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27
Q

Doubtful count of sperm per mL

A

10-20

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28
Q

Infertile count of sperm per mL

A

less than 10

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29
Q

Motility % of normal sperm

A

more than 50%

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30
Q

Motility % of doubtful sperm

A

35-50

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31
Q

Motility % of infertile sperm

A

less tha 35

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32
Q

what is the most important feature of sperm

A

sperm count

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33
Q

Varicocoele

A

A varicose vein in the scrotum can raise testis temperature or restrict movement of sperm, nearly always on the left side

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34
Q

Retrogade ejaculation

A

semen flows into the bladder rather than the urethra during ejaculation
cause day diabetes, surgery or som medication

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35
Q

Orchitis

A

inflammation of the testis, can cause temporary or permanent infertility

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36
Q

Genetic cause of Infertility: Androgen Receptors

A

Mutation in the Androgen receptor gene, leading to Androgen resistance syndrome, this means no development of the male reproductive system

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37
Q

Genetic cause of Infertility: CBAVD

A

Mutations in the CF gene, 95% of males with CF have CBAVD, you can only collect the good sperm from the epididymis

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38
Q

Azoospermia Factor (AZF)

A

Deletions ofAZF gene, located on the Y chromosomes

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39
Q

Males with CF

A

all will be infertile: there is a high production of mucous so blockage of importance areas in the reproductive system

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40
Q

Common causes of Female Infertility

A 
Endometriosis (5-10%)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (5-10%)
Fibroids (about 20%)
Pelvic Inflammatry Disease (?)
Premature Ovarian Failure (1-2%)
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41
Q

What is the main cause of Tubal Disease?

A

Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID)

42
Q

PID and infertility in women

A

after one episode of PID, 10% of women are infertile, that increases with each episode and after 3 or more, more than 50% of women are infertile

43
Q

What is Tubal Disease

A

seen as blockage and damage commonly due to chlaymdia infection or adhesions due to surgery or endometriosis

44
Q

treatment of Tubal Disease

A

tubal surgery or in vitro fertilisation

45
Q

Main site of infection in Chlamydia

A

The cervix

46
Q

Symtoms of Chlamydia

A

spotting between periods, yellowish vaginal discharge and frequent urination

47
Q

What is the most preventable form on infertility

A

Chlamydia

48
Q

Obesity and fertility

A

reduced fertility

49
Q

Overweight and PCOs

A

lower ovulation rate and overweight women undergoing IVF treatment have a reduced chance of pregnancy

50
Q

Smoking and Pregnancy

A

3 times higher incidence of infertility and a poorer response to fertility treatment and reduced chance of conception

51
Q

smoking and miscarriage

A

50% higher miscarriage rate and an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy

52
Q

Menopause and Smoking

A

Menopause occurs earlier

53
Q

Men and Smoking

A

reduction of sperm count
higher risk of impotence
increased birth defects and childhood cancer in their children

54
Q

Clinical Priority Assessment Criteria

A

funded specialist treatment eligible for woman who is a resident, under 40 and have had one year of infertility

55
Q

Bicornate Uterus

A

happens in 1:250 women and has a spectrum of severity

it isassociated with recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm birth and breech presentation

56
Q

Menstrual Disorders

A 
Amenorrhoea 
Menorrhagia 
Endometriosis 
Dysmenorrhea 
Premenstural Syndrome
57
Q

Amenorrhea

A

failure to menstruate once a BMI of 19 is reached

58
Q

secondary Amenorrhea

A

failure to menstruate for three months in a woman who has previously menstruated

59
Q

Oligomenorrhoea

A

infrequent mensuration

60
Q

Premature Ovarian Failure

A

Ovarian Failure under the age of 40 years

FSH is lower than 40IU/L

61
Q

how many women does Premature Ovarian Failure affect?

A

1% of all women and 0.1% before the age of 30

62
Q

Causes of Premature Ovarian Failure

A

Autoimmune conditions
Permenant damage to the ovary (fixed with Chemotherapy)
X chromosome abnormalities
Familial Genetic Causes

63
Q

Sports Amenorrhea

A

Low BF and exercise related chemicals (such as beta endorphins and catecholamines) disrupt interplay of oestrogen and progesterone

64
Q

how much body fat for a female to menstruate?

A

22% for a female to be fertile

65
Q

Polycycstic Ovarian Syndrome

A

association of Hyperandrogenism with chronic an ovulation in women without the underling diseases of the adrenal and pituitary gland

66
Q

POS causes

A

disorder of the hypothalamus-pituatiry axis characterised by raised LH and Testostorone

67
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Abnormal heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding

deplete iron level

68
Q

Pelvic Causes of Menorrhagia

A 
Fibroids/polyps 
Endometrial Hyperplasia 
Adenomyosis 
Incomplete Miscarriage 
Carcinoma of cervix or endometrium
69
Q

Systemic Causes of Menorrhagia

A

Platelet Disorders

70
Q

Endometriosis characyeristics

A

presence and growth of endometrial cells outside the uterus, usually in the peritoneal cavity, prehaps due to retrograde menstruation

71
Q

diagnosis of Endometriosis

A

Cannot be done though ultrasound, only through laparoscopic diagnosis

72
Q

Symptoms of Endo

A

painful periods, adhesions and sub fertility

73
Q

When does End occur

A

never before Puberty, regresses after menopause

74
Q

PMS

A

recurring psychological and or physical symptoms which occur specifically in the luteal phase and are releived by menopause

75
Q

Premestural Dysphoric Disorder

A

When PMS syndromes are so bad that they are disabling. Happens in about 5% of women

76
Q

Disorders of pregnancy

A

Miscarriage
Premature or preterm labour
Ectopic Pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia

77
Q

Miscarriage

A

most common complication of pregnancy

defined as loss prior to 20 weeks

78
Q

preterm labour

A

labour resulting in live birth before 37th week of pregnancy is termed pre-term labour

79
Q

Stillbirth

A

fetes that dies in the uterus after 20weeks of pregnancy

80
Q

how many miscarriages in trimester 1

A

about 75% of miscarriages and a pregnancy with a genetic problem has a 95% chance of miscarriage

81
Q

Causes of miscarriages in second trimester

A

Uterine Malformations , growths in the uterus (fibroids) or cervical problems

82
Q

causes of later term miscarriage

A

problems with the placenta

83
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

when the fertilised ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall

84
Q

where do most ectopic occur?

A

in the Fallopian tube

85
Q

where do other ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

2% in the ovary, cervix or are intraabdominal

86
Q

what increases the chance of Ectopic pregnancies

A

smoking, advanced maternal age or prior tubal damage

87
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

hypertension in pregnancy in association with significant amount of protein in the urine

88
Q

how many pregnancies are affected by pre-eclampsia

A

2-6%

89
Q

what types of Gynaecological Cancer are there?

A

Ovary, Uterus, Cervix and Vulva

90
Q

what does the Incessant Ovulation Hypothesis state?

A

ovarian epithelial cells undergo several rounds of division and proliferative growth to heal the wound in the surface resulting from ovulation. tis increases the chance of genetic error occurring during repair

91
Q

benign tumours of the ovary

A

cysts (painful)
Epithelial tumours (hardly ever become cancerous)
Teratomas

92
Q

what are benign tumours of the uterus made of?

A

Fibroids are local overgrowths of smooth muscle cells (myometrium) in the uterine walls

93
Q

Cryporchidism

A

absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. There is a failure of testis to descend during fatal development from abdominal position

94
Q

incidence of Cryporchidism

A

3% of full term and 30% of premature infant boys but they descend later on, so the real incidence is about 1%

95
Q

Erectile Dysfunction

A

inability to achieve or sustain an erection for satisfactory sexual activity

96
Q

Physical causes of Erectile Dysfunction

A
  • Never damage from damage
  • Cardiovascular disorders affecting blood supply to pelvis
  • some prescription meds
  • hormones
  • some surgeries
  • fractures to spinal cord
  • alcohol and smoking
97
Q

Andropause

A

a medical phenomenon in men that resembles menopause

98
Q

when does Andropause occur?

A

40 and 55 in age

99
Q

what is Andropause distinguished by?

A

a drop in hormones, particularly Testosterone

100
Q

list the Male Reproductive Disorders

A
  • intersex disorders
  • Klinefelter’s - - Cryptoorchism
  • Delayed puberty
  • Erectile Dysfunction
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Declining Fertility with age

Medsci 313 (1 decks)

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