Reproductive cards Flashcards
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Gubernaculum
bond of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum testes gradually get pulled caudally and ventrally.
Inguinal Rings
Inguinal rings are openings in the abdomen muscle through which the testes descend.
Pampiniform Plexus
Meshwork of veins that surrounds the testicular artery. Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, Nerves and vas deferens.
Prostate Gland
A walnut-sized gland located beneath the bladder that produces prostatic fluid, which contributes to semen volume and sperm motility. Surrounds the urethra, multiple ducts that carry secretions into the urethra. found in dogs, cats, bulls, horses, etc.
Bulbourethral Gland
Bulbourethral gland, Ducts from the urethra near the caudal borders of the pelvis, secretes mucinous fluid, only found in cats.
Parts of the F-Reproductive System
-Ovary
-uterine tube, oviduct
-uterus
-cervix
-vagina
-vestibule
-vulva
Bicornuate
most mammals are known as bicornuate which means they have 2 distinct horns in the uterus.
What do uterine hors do
produces female sex hormones, development of reproductive cells, provides environment for fertilization, carries the embryo/fetus for the entire gestation period, provides passage from the uterus to the outside world.
Ovaries
-Located dorsal abdomen near the kidneys.
-Species variation in appearance.
-To produce ova or eggs (oogenesis) ready for fertilization by the sperm of the male.
-Act as an endocrine gland, secreting the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Whats an Endocrine Gland?
Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
whats a pedicle
A pedicle is a stem or stalk of tissue that connects parts of the body to each other. The brain has many pedicles (such as the cerebral pedicle) that connect areas of the brain to each other.
Ligaments of the ovaries
-Suspensory ligament of the ovary:
-Attached to the body wall in the area of the last rib
-Small amount of muscle present to flex with the weight of the developing fetus.
-Suspend ovaries oviducts, and uterus.
-Contain blood vessels and nerves.
-dropped pedicle. (surgical emergency!)
Oviducts (uterine tube)
-To collect ova as they are released from the graafian follicles.
-To convey the ova from the ovaries to the uterine horns.
-To provide the correct environment for the survival of the ova and the sperm.
-Infundibulum: enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct.
-Ciliated cells in lining.
-Muscle contractions and cilia movements guide ovum towards the uterus.
-usual site of fertilization.
Uterus
The organ in which fetal development occurs during pregnancy.
Y-Shaped in the dog and cat (bicornate)
Functions:
-To provide a receptacle in which the embryos can develop into full-term fetuses.
-to provide the correct environment for the survival of the embryos.
-To provide means whereby the developing embryos can receive nutrients from the dam; this is made possible by the placenta.
tubular glands
Glands are also classified by the shape of their duct. Tubular glands have a tube shape to their secretory duct with an interior lumen to transport secretions. Tubular glands have an oblong tubular structure and gland shape. Examples of tubular glands are seen in the sweat glands as well as in the stomach and uterus.
whats parturition
the action of giving birth to young; childbirth.
uterine wall layers
⦿ Endometrium: lining composed of simple columnar epithelium and simple tubular glands.
-Secretes mucus and other substances.
-Thickens during pregnancy.
⦿ Myometrium: Thick layer of smooth muscle
-produces strong contraction during parturition (birth)
⦿ Mesometrium or broad ligament.
-it is a fold of the visceral peritoneum that suspends the uterus from the dorsal body wall.v
Cervix
-Smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus and the vagina.
-Controls access to the lumen of the uterus from the vagina.
-Normally tightly closed except during estrus and parturition.
vagina, vestibule, vulva
Vagina and vestibule:
-muscular tube that extends caudally from the cervix and connects it with the vulva.
Vulva:
-Composed of the vestibule, clitoris and labia.
-Urethra opens on the floor of the vestibule.
-vulva enlargement common when in heat.
mammary glands
-Modified cutaneous glands.
-The female dog has five pairs of mammary glands.
-The female cat has four pairs of mammary glands.
-Mastitis: inflammation of infection of the mammary glands.
whats an estrous cycle
Female dogs will have their first estrous (reproductive or heat) cycle when they reach puberty. Each cycle consists of several stages; the stage called estrus refers to when the female can become pregnant. Often, a dog that is in the estrus stage is said to be in heat or season.
Polyestrous
animals that cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant.
Seasonally Polyestrous
animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles (horse, sheep, cat)
Diestrous
animals with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall (dog)
Monoestrous
animals with one cycle per year (fox and mink)
Neonate
A newborn animal.
testes
The male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
semen
The fluid containing sperm and various secretions from the male reproductive organs.
ovary
The female reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones.
follicle
A fluid-filled sac on the ovary containing an immature egg (oocyte).
ovum
A mature egg released from the ovary during ovulation.
placenta
The organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products.
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm production in the testes.
Fertilization
The union of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote.
Estradiol
A female sex hormone involved in the regulation of the estrous cycle.
Progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries that is involved in maintaining pregnancy.
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH): A hormone released by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.v
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles.
Artificial insemination (AI)
The process of placing sperm into the reproductive tract of a female animal without natural mating.
Pyometra
A potentially life-threatening uterine infection characterized by the accumulation of pus in the uterus.
Dystocia
Difficult or prolonged labor during childbirth.
Brucellosis
A bacterial infection that can cause reproductive problems, including abortion and infertility, in animals.
ovarian cyst
A fluid-filled sac on the ovary that may interfere with reproductive function.
Parthenogenesis
Reproduction that occurs without fertilization, resulting in offspring from a single parent, typically seen in some reptiles and invertebrates.
Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube, which can be dangerous for the mother.
Pseudopregnancy
False pregnancy, where a female displays signs of pregnancy but is not actually pregnant.
Intersex
An individual with both male and female reproductive organs or characteristics.
Metritis
Inflammation of the uterus, usually occurring after childbirth or abortion.
Azoospermia
Absence of sperm in the ejaculate
Teratogen
A substance or agent that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in developing embryos. A teratogen is any substance, organism, physical agent, or environmental factor that can disrupt the normal development of an embryo or fetus, leading to congenital abnormalities or birth defects. These defects can range from minor structural anomalies to severe developmental disabilities, depending on the timing, duration, and intensity of exposure to the teratogenic agent during pregnancy.
whats a surrogate mother
A surrogate mother, in the context of reproductive medicine, is a woman who carries and gives birth to a child on behalf of another individual or couple. The child may be genetically related to the intended parents or may be conceived using donated gametes (egg or sperm) or embryos. Surrogacy is typically used as an option for individuals or couples who are unable to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term on their own due to medical reasons such as infertility, recurrent miscarriage, or other health conditions.
Embryo transfer
The process of transferring embryos from a genetically superior female to a surrogate mother.
Gonadectomy
Surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries).
Uterine prolapse
Protrusion of the uterus through the vaginal opening, typically occurring after parturition.
Monozygotic twins
Twins derived from a single fertilized egg, also known as identical twins.
Preputial prolapse
Protrusion of the prepuce (foreskin) in male animals.
Anestrus
Anestrus is a phase in the estrous cycle of female mammals during which they are not sexually receptive and do not exhibit signs of fertility. It is essentially a period of reproductive inactivity or quiescence. Anestrus occurs between periods of sexual receptivity (estrus) and is characterized by hormonal and physiological changes that prepare the body for the next reproductive cycle.
Sertoli cell tumor
A type of testicular tumor that can affect hormone production and fertility in males.
Estrous synchronization
Manipulation of the estrous cycle in multiple females to coordinate breeding or artificial insemination.
gonads
Gonads are reproductive organs responsible for producing gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In mammals, including humans, gonads exist in two primary forms: testes in males and ovaries in females.
Vas deferens:
A muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles: Glandular structures located near the base of the bladder that produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.
permatic cord
A cord-like structure containing the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that connect the testes to the body.
