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Science > Reproductive and Genetic Biology (Yr10) > Flashcards

Reproductive and Genetic Biology (Yr10) Flashcards

Mostly focuses on reproductive systems and genetics

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Testes

A

Sperm Production organ

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

Ova (egg) production organ

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3
Q

Scrotum

A

Where testes are located, keeps than cooler than body temp

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4
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube coming from testes

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5
Q

Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicle

A

Produces substances required to make semen

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6
Q

Urethra

A

Tube inside penis. Tip, exit point

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7
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

Path between ovaries and uterus, locale for fertilisation

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8
Q

Uterus

A

Where baby grows and develops

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9
Q

Cervix

A

Lower part of uterus connected to vagina

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10
Q

Vagina

A

Babies must pass through this and this is also where sperm enters body

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11
Q

Nucleotide

A

A basic unit (rung) of DNA

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12
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Sugar-Phosphate backbone and 2 pairs of complementary bases. ATGC. A links to T and C links to G

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13
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human cell nucleus?

A

23 PAIRS of chromosomes

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14
Q

What is Mitosis

A

Type of Cell Division that creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells with the exact same number and kind of chromosomes

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15
Q

What are the Four Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase - Chromosomes duplicate into identical chromatids which join at the centromere
Metaphase - Nuclear Membrane breaks and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes which line up the equator
Anaphase - Spindle Fibers shorten, pulling apart each chromosome into 2 separate chromatids
Telophase - Nuclear Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cell divides

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16
Q

What is Meiosis

A

A type of cell division which creates 4 haploid daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes

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17
Q

Why is Mitosis needed?

A
  • Replace dead cells
  • Repair cells
  • Growth
18
Q

Why is Meiosis needed?

A
  • To produce sex cells as 2 diploid cells produced by mitosis would have too many chromosomes to make a human baby
19
Q

Diploid Cell

A

A Cell with 2 sets of chromosomes, with each parent contributing a chromosome to the pair

20
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Cell with half the number of chromosomes (1 set rather than 2)

21
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid Sex Cells

22
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes which are the same

23
Q

Genome

A

All of the DNA of an organism

24
Q

Chromosome

A

A chunk of DNA

25
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated for cell division

26
Q

Gene

A

A small section of a chromosome that codes for a specific thing.

27
Q

Allele

A

One of 2 different Genes which code for the same feature, one copy of the gene coming from the father and one from the mother.

28
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s complete information for a trait.

29
Q

Phenotype

A

The information in the genotype that is expressed (can be observed)

30
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 Different alleles (copies) of the gene for a trait (one for blue eyes, one for brown eyes)

31
Q

Homozygous

A

Same Allele on both chromosomes (two blue eye genes)

32
Q

Autosomal Inheritance

A

Inheritance linked to the 22 non-sex chromosomes. Genes on these chromosomes are equally likely to express in men and women

33
Q

Sex-Linked Inheritance

A

Inheritance linked to the Sex Chromosome (X or Y). Mostly affects boys as girls have 2 copies of the X-Chromosome so a Sex-Linked disorder would be overridden by the ‘healthy’ chromosome in girls.

34
Q

Evolution

A

The genetic change in species over a long period of time due to Natural Selection.

35
Q

Process of Natural Selection

A

Variation - Individuals in a species vary
Advantage - Some individuals have traits advantageous for their environment
Survival - This leads to those individuals having a greater chance of survival
Reproduce - Therefore a greater chance of reproduction
Change - Since reproduction passes on genetic traits, this will lead to the whole population reflecting those advantageous traits, possibly causing speciation.

36
Q

What is Cloning, what are benefits and ethical questions

A

Cloning is the making of genetically identical copies of an organism by taking DNA from a cell and putting it into an egg which forms into an embryo. This embryo’s stem cells can be harvested or it can be implanted into a womb and become a baby organism
Benefits:
- Create Stem cells
- Increase food supply
- Organ Transplants
- Solve fertility issues
Quandaries
- Clones often die at birth
- Loss of genetic diversity
- Who owns the clone?
- How many rights do clones have?
- Will this lead to eugenics

37
Q

What is the Nucleus of a cell?

A

In the centre of cell. Contains all genetic material

38
Q

Dominant and Recessive Genes

A

Dominant Genes are always expressed unless their aren’t any. Then the recessive gene is expressed.

39
Q

Therapeutic Cloning (Method and Aim)

A
  1. DNA from an organism is implanted into egg cell
  2. Egg cell is allowed to form into an embryo and its Stem Cells are harvested
    AIM: Stem Cells can grow into various types of tissue or organs. The goal of Therepeutic Cloning is to get these Stem Cells for research, and maybe one day to treat diseases or grow organs for transplant
40
Q

Scientists that discovered ‘Double Helix’ model of DNA

A

James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin. Watson and Crick first proposed the idea with the others playing supporting roles

41
Q

Austrian Monk who developed the Principles of Inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel

42
Q

Mutation

A

Alteration in DNA that can occur through Replication mistakes, radiation or other methods. It is a key part of Natural Selection as it creates varying individuals in a populations.
Mutations can be beneficial, neutral or harmful
- beneficial provides a better chance of surviving
- Neutral does not affect chance of survival and
- Harmful decreases the chance of survival

Science (7 decks)

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