Reproductive and Genetic Biology (Yr10)

Question 1

Testes

Answer 1

Sperm Production organ

Question 2

Ovaries

Answer 2

Ova (egg) production organ

Question 3

Scrotum

Answer 3

Where testes are located, keeps than cooler than body temp

Question 4

Vas deferens

Answer 4

Tube coming from testes

Question 5

Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicle

Answer 5

Produces substances required to make semen

Question 6

Urethra

Answer 6

Tube inside penis

Question 7

Fallopian Tubes

Answer 7

Path between ovaries and uterus, locale for fertilisation

Question 8

Uterus

Answer 8

Where baby grows and develops

Question 9

Cervix

Answer 9

Lower part of uterus connected to vagina

Question 10

Vagina

Answer 10

Babies must pass through this and this is also where sperm enters body

Question 11

Nucleotide

Answer 11

A basic unit (rung) of DNA

Question 12

What is DNA made of?

Answer 12

Sugar-Phosphate backbone and 2 pairs of complementary bases. ATGC. A links to T and C links to G

Question 13

How many chromosomes are in a human cell nucleus?

Answer 13

23 PAIRS of chromosomes

Question 14

What is Mitosis

Answer 14

Type of Cell Division that creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells with the exact same number and kind of chromosomes

Question 15

What are the Four Phases of Mitosis

Answer 15

Prophase - Chromosomes duplicate into identical chromatids which join at the centromere
Metaphase - Nuclear Membrane breaks and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes which line up the equator
Anaphase - Spindle Fibers shorten, pulling apart each chromosome into 2 separate chromatids
Telophase - Nuclear Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cell divides

Question 16

What is Meiosis

Answer 16

A type of cell division which creates 4 haploid daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes

Question 17

Why is Mitosis needed?

Answer 17

• Replace dead cells
• Repair cells
• Growth

Question 18

Why is Meiosis needed?

Answer 18

• To produce sex cells as 2 diploid cells produced by mitosis would have too many chromosomes to make a human baby

Question 19

Diploid Cell

Answer 19

A Cell with 2 sets of chromosomes, with each parent contributing a chromosome to the pair

Question 20

Haploid Cell

Answer 20

Cell with half the number of chromosomes (1 set rather than 2)

Question 21

Gamete

Answer 21

Haploid Sex Cells

Question 22

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 22

Chromosomes which are the same

Question 23

Genome

Answer 23

All of the DNA of an organism

Question 24

Chromosome

Answer 24

A chunk of DNA

Question 25

Chromatid

Answer 25

One of two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated for cell division

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

A small section of a chromosome that codes for a specific thing. Made of DNA Bases and Amino Acids

Question 27

Allele

Answer 27

2 different Genes which code for the same feature, one copy of the gene coming from the father and one from the mother.

Question 28

Genotype

Answer 28

An organism’s complete information for a trait. One allele tends to be dominant and the other recessive

Question 29

Phenotype

Answer 29

The information in the genotype that is expressed (can be observed)

Question 30

Heterozygous

Answer 30

2 Different alleles (copies) of the gene for each chromosome (one for blue eyes, one for brown eyes)

Question 31

Homozygous

Answer 31

Same Allele on both chromosomes (two blue eye genes)

Question 32

Autosomal Inheritance

Answer 32

Inheritance linked to the 22 non-sex chromosomes. Genes on these chromosomes are equally likely to express in men and women

Question 33

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Answer 33

Inheritance linked to the Sex Chromosome (X or Y). Mostly affects boys as girls have 2 copies of the X-Chromosome so a Sex-Linked disorder would be overridden by the ‘healthy’ chromosome in girls.

Question 34

Evolution

Answer 34

The genetic change in species over a long period of time due to Natural Selection.

Question 35

Process of Natural Selection

Answer 35

Variation - Individuals in a species vary
Advantage - Some individuals have traits advantageous for their environment
Survival - This leads to those individuals having a greater chance of survival
Reproduce - Therefore a greater chance of reproduction
Change - Since reproduction passes on genetic traits, this will lead to the whole population reflecting those advantageous traits, possibly causing speciation.

Question 36

What is Cloning, what are benefits and ethical questions

Answer 36

Cloning is the making of genetically identical copies of an organism by taking DNA from a cell and putting it into an egg which forms into an embryo. This embryo’s stem cells can be harvested or it can be implanted into a womb and become a baby organism
Benefits:
- Create Stem cells
- Increase food supply
- Organ Transplants
- Solve fertility issues
Quandaries
- Clones often die at birth
- Loss of genetic diversity
- Who owns the clone?
- How many rights do clones have?
- Will this lead to eugenics

Question 37

What is the Nucleus of a cell?

Answer 37

In the centre of cell. Contains all genetic material

Question 38

Dominant and Recessive Genes

Answer 38

Dominant Genes are always expressed unless their aren’t any. Then the recessive gene is expressed.

Question 39

Therapeutic Cloning (Method and Aim)

Answer 39

1. DNA from an organism is implanted into egg cell
2. Egg cell is allowed to form into an embryo and its Stem Cells are harvested
   AIM: Stem Cells can grow into various types of tissue or organs. The goal of Therepeutic Cloning is to get these Stem Cells for research, and maybe one day to treat diseases or grow organs for transplant