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Reproductive and digestive system > Reproductive and digestive system > Flashcards

Reproductive and digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

When chyme enters duodenum, CCK is released what happens?

A
  • Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes.

- Gallbladder contracts

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2
Q

Full gallbladder contains how much bile?

A
  • 40-70 mL.
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3
Q

Enolecysittis

A
  • Gallstones are so large, blockage occurs.
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4
Q

Small intestine is described how?

A
  • Long, muscular tube
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5
Q

Where is chemical digestion completed?

A
  • Small intestine
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6
Q

True or False:

90% of nutrients absorption occurs in the stomach.

A
  • False, Small intestine
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7
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ilium
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8
Q

Duodenum is located where?

A

-Segment of small intestine closest to stomach.

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9
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A
  • 25 cm.
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10
Q

Why is the duodenum is referred to as the mixing bowl?

A
  • Receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver.
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11
Q

Where is the Jejunum located?

A

Middle segment of small intestine

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12
Q

How long is the Jejunum?

A

2.5 meters long

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13
Q

What is area is the site of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?

A

Jejunum

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14
Q

What is the final segment of small intestine?

A

Ileum

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15
Q

What are circular folds?

A
  • Transverse folds in intestinal lining.

- Permanent features that do not disappear when small intestine fills.

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16
Q

What are intestinal villi?

A

Finger like projections in mucous of small intestine.

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17
Q

What type of tissue covers intestinal villi?

A

Simple columnar epithelium and carpeted with microvilli that form brush border.

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18
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic vessel in each villus.

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19
Q

What is the function of a lacteal?

A

Transports chylomicron that are too large to enter blood capillaries.

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20
Q

Duodenal submucosal glands produce what?

A

Copious qualtities of mucus.

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21
Q

When chyme arrives from stomach what happens?

A

Mucus protects epithelium from acidity of chyme.

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22
Q

Mucus contains what?

A

Bicarbonate ions that raise pH.

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23
Q

How much intestinal juice enters intestinal lumen each day?

A

1.8 liters

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24
Q

What are functions of intestinal juice?

A
  • Moistens chyme
  • Assists in buffering acids
  • Keeps digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution
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25
Q

Mucosa of _______ _______ produces few enzymes involved in chemical digestion.

A

small intestine

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26
Q

What are functions of the brush border enzymes?

A
  • Intergral membrane proteins on intestinal microvilli.

- Break down materials in contact with brush border.

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27
Q

Enterropeptidase

A

Activates pancreatic trypsinogen.

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28
Q

After chyme arrives in duodenum what happens?

A

Weak peristaltic contractions move it slowly toward jejunum.

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29
Q

True or False:

Under control of the CNS control.

A
  • False, not under control of CNS.
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30
Q

____________ stimulation accelerates local peristalsis and segmentation.

A

Parasympathetic

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31
Q

Gastroenteric reflex does what?

A

Stimulates motility and secretion along entire small intestine.

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32
Q

Gastroileal reflex triggers what?

A

Opening of ileocecal valve.

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33
Q

What does the gastroileal reflex allow materials to pass from?

A

Small intestine into large intestine.

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34
Q

What are 1 function of hormonal mechanisms?

A

-Coordinates activities of digestive glands

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35
Q

Where are acids neutralized and enzymes are added?

A

Centered on duodenum

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36
Q

Neural mechanisms involving the CNS prepare the ________ _______ for activity, through ____________ innervation.

A
  1. Digestive system

2. parasympathetic

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37
Q

Inhibit ____________ activity through sympathetic innervation.

A

gastrointestinal

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38
Q

How are movements of materials along the digestive tract coordinated?

A

Reflexes

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39
Q

Motor neuron synapses in digestive tract release ___________.

A

Neurotransmitters

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40
Q

What kind of hormones does the intestinal tract secrete?

A

peptide hormones

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41
Q

What are 6 hormones of the duodenum?

A
  • Gastrin
  • Secretion
  • gastric inhibitory peptide
  • cholecystokinin
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • enterocrinin
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42
Q

What is gastrin secreted by?

A

G cells

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43
Q

What happens when G cells are exposed to incompletely digested proteins? ( 2 activities)

A
  • Promotes increased stomach motility

- Stimulates production of acids and enzymes.

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44
Q

Secretin is released when?

A

-When chyme arrives in duodenum.

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45
Q

What are the 2 functions of secretin when activated?

A
  • Increases secretion of buffers by pancreas and bile by liver
  • reduces gastric motility and secretory rates.
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46
Q

When is gastric inhibitory peptide secreted?

A

When fats and carbohydrates enter small intestine.

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47
Q

When is cholecystokinin?

A

Secreted when chyme arrives in duodenum.

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48
Q

what affect cholecytokinin have on the body? (2 functions)

A
  • Accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes.
  • Relaxes hepatopancreatic sphinter and contracts gallbladder.
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49
Q

What affects does vasoactive intestinal peptide on the digestive system? (3 affects)

A
  • Stimulates secretion of intestinal glands
  • dilates regional capillaries
  • Inhibits acid production in stomach
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50
Q

What 2 effects does enterocrinin have on the body?

A
  • Released when chyme enters the duodenum

- stimulates alkaline mucus production by submucosal glands.

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51
Q

Movements of mucosa increase _________ ________ in the small intestines.

A
  • Absorptive effectiveness
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52
Q

What is the large intestine shaped like?

A

Horseshoe shaped

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53
Q

Large intestine extends from end of ilieum to where?

A

Anus

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54
Q

Where is the large intestine in relation to the liver and stomach?

A

Lies inferior to both body structures.

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55
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 meters

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56
Q

How wide is the large intestines?

A

7.5 cm.

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57
Q

What are the 3 portions of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
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58
Q

What is the cecum?

A
  • Expanded pouch
  • Receives and stores materials arriving from ileum
  • Begins compaction
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59
Q

Appendix

A
  • Slender, hollow structure about 9 cm. long
  • attached to posteromedial surface of cecum
  • dominated by lymphoid nodules
  • Meso-appendix (smaller mesentery) connects appendix to ileum and cecum.
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60
Q

Colon

A

Larger diameter and thinner wall than small intestine.

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61
Q

Haustra

A
  • Pouches in wall of colon

- Permit expansion and elongation

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62
Q

Teniae coli

A
  • Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
  • Run along outer surfaces of colon, deep to serosa
  • Similiar to out layer of muscular layer
  • Muscle tone in teniae coli creates haustra
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63
Q

Omental appendices

A

Numerous teardrop shaped sacs of fat in serosa of colon

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64
Q

Name the 4 regions of the colon

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
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65
Q

Where does the ascending colon begin?

A

Superior border of cecum

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66
Q

Ascending colon ascending along right lateral and _______ _____ of peritoneal cavity. To the inferior surface the ________.
Bends sharply to the left at ________ ________ _______ (hepatic flexure).

A
  1. posterior wall
  2. Liver
  3. right colic flexure
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67
Q

_________ ______ crosses abdomen from right to left. Turns at left ______ ________ (splenic flexure).
Supported by the ___________ mesocolon. Separated from anterior abdominal wall by greater ________.

A
  1. Transverse colon
  2. colic flexure
  3. transverse
  4. omentum
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68
Q

Descending colon proceeds _______ along left side to iliac fossa.
________, firmly attached to abdominal wall.

A
  1. inferiorly

2. Retroperitoneal

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69
Q

How long is the sigmoid colon?

A

15 cm.

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70
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon in relation to the urinary bladder?

A

Posterior to it

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71
Q

Sigmoid colon empties into what area in the body?

A

rectum

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72
Q

How long is the rectum?

A

15 cm.

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73
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Expandable organ for temporary storage of feces.

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74
Q

Anal canal

A
  • Last portion of rectum

- Contains small longitudinal folds (anal columns).

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75
Q

Anus

A
  • exit of anal canal

- Keratinized epidermis like skin

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76
Q

Internal and sphincter

A
  • Circular muscle layer
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Not under voluntary control
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77
Q

External anal sphincter

A
  • Encircles distal portion of anal canal.
  • Skeletal muscle fibers
  • Under voluntary control.
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78
Q

What does the large intestine lack?

A

villi

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79
Q

What type of cell does the large intestine have a abundance of?

A

Goblet cells

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80
Q

What are the functions of the large intestines?

A
  • Absorption or reabsorption of water, nutrients, bile salts, organic wastes, and vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria.
  • Compaction of intestinal content into feces
  • Storage of fecal material prior to defecation.
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81
Q

Microbiome

A
  • Microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses)that live in and on human body.
  • Including those that inhabit large intestine.
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82
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Organic molecules
  • Important as cofactor or coenzymes in metabolism.
  • Normal bacteria in colon make three vitamins that supplement diet.
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83
Q

Vitamin K (fat soluble)

A

Required by liver for synthesizing four clotting factors, including prothrombin.

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84
Q

Biotin (water soluble)

A

Important in glucose metabolism.

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85
Q

Vitamin B3 ( pantothenic acid; water soluble)

A

Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters.

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86
Q

Organic wastes

A

Bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogens and stercobilingens.

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87
Q

What are sometimes absorbed into bloodstream and excreted in urine?

A

Urobilinogens

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88
Q

If urobilinogens and stercobilinogens that remain in the colon are converted into what?

A
  • urobilins

- stercobilins

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89
Q

Bacteria break down peptides into what 2 things?

A
  • feces

- generate

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90
Q

Bateria feed on indigestible carbohydrates and produce?

A

Fluids (intestinal gas) in large intestine.

91
Q

________ and gastroenteric reflexes move materials in cecum while you _____.

A
  1. Gastroileal

2. Eat

92
Q

Movement from _______ to transverse colon is slow, allowing hours of water absorption.
__________ waves move material along length of colon.
Sementation movements mix contents of ______ _______.

A
  1. cecum
  2. Peristaltic
  3. adjacent haustra
93
Q

Movement from transverse colon through rest of ______ _______. Results form powerful peristaltic contractions called ______ ______.

A
  1. Large intestine

2. Mass movements

94
Q

Stimulus is distension of _________ and duodenum. relayed over ______ ______ plexuses.

A
  1. Stomach

2. intestinal nerve

95
Q

Distension of ______ _____ initiates defecation reflex.
Involves ____ positive feedback loops.
Both triggered by _________ _______ in the rectum.

A
  1. Rectal wall
  2. Two
  3. Stretch receptors
96
Q

Intrinsic myenteric defecation reflex

A
  • Short reflex

- Triggers peristaltic contraction in sigmoid colon and rectum.

97
Q

Parasympathetic defecation reflex

A
  • Long reflex
  • Coordinated by sacral parasympathetic neurons
  • Stimulates mass movements
98
Q

Elimation of fecese requires relaxtion of internal and external ______ _____.
Reflexes open ________ sphincter.
_________ ________ system much be activated to consciously open external sphincter.
_________ nerves carry somatic motor commands.

A
  1. Anal sphincters
  2. internal
  3. Somatic nervous
  4. Pudendal
99
Q

What 6 nutrients are in a balanced diet?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
100
Q

________ _______ breaks down physical structure of food.

A

Digestive system

101
Q

What is food broken down into?

A

Disassembles component molecules.

102
Q

Molecules released into bloodstream are absorbed by cells and either?

A
  • Broken down to provide energy for ATP.

- Used to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

103
Q

What does digestive enzymes do?

A

Break molecular bonds in large organic molecules.

104
Q

Carbohydrates break bonds between what?

A

Simple sugars

105
Q

What bonds does proteases break?

A

Amino acids

106
Q

What separates fatty acids from glycerides?

107
Q

What are 4 areas that secrete digestive enzymes?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Tongue
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
108
Q

Complex carbohydrates are digested 2 steps?

A
  1. Salivary amylase and pancreatic alpha-amylase.
    - Carvohydrases from salivary glands and prancreas
  2. Brush border enzymes of intestinal microvilli
    - Maltase splits bonds between maltose
    - Sucrase breaks apart sucrose
    - Lactase hydrolyzes lactose
109
Q

Insufficient lactase leads to what?

A

Lactose introlerance

110
Q

Dipeptidases

A

In epithelial surface of small intestine, break short peptide chains into individual amino acids.

111
Q

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption

A
  • Nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides.
  • Brush border enzymes digest nucleotides into sugars.
    • Absorbed by active transport.
112
Q

Water absorption

A
  • Cells cannot actively absorb or secrete water.

- Movement of water across digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.

113
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compound required in very small quantities.

114
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

Include B vitamins and vitamin C. B12

115
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A,D, E, and K

116
Q

Gonads

A

Organs that produce gametes and hormes

117
Q

Testes

A
  • Secrete male sex hormones

- Produce male gametes-half a billion sperm per day.

118
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Release one immature gamete (oocyte) per month.
  • Produce hormones.
  • Retains and nurtures zygote.
119
Q

Pathway of sperm

A
  1. Testis
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus deferens
  4. Ejaculatory duct
  5. Urethra
120
Q

Accessory glands secrete fluid into duct system

A
  • Seminal glands
  • Prostate
  • Bulbo-urethral glands
121
Q

External genitalia

A
  • Penis

- Scrotum

122
Q

Testes

A

-5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, 2.5 cm thick
-Each weighs 10-15 g
Hang in scrotum

123
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Flesh pouch that encloses testes
  • Suspended inferior to perineum
  • divided into two chamber by raphe of scrotum
  • Each testies lies in a separate scrotal cavity.
124
Q

Spermatic cords

A
  • Extend between abdominpelivic cavity and testes.
  • Enclose ducts deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels of testes.
  • Each begins at entrance to inguinal canal and descend into scrotum.
125
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A
  • Serous membrane
  • Lines scrotal cavity
  • Reduces friction between opposing surface
    • Parietal (outer) layer
    • Visceral (inner) layer
126
Q

Dartos muscle

A
  • Layer of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum

- Causes characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface

127
Q

Cremaster

A
  • Layer of skeletal muscle deep to dermis
  • Tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body
    • Due to sexual arousal or decreased temperature.
128
Q

What is temperature for normal sperm development?

A

1.1 C lower than body temp.

129
Q

Muscles relax or contract to move _____away or toward body.

Maintains acceptable _______ temperatures.

A
  • Testes

- Testicular

130
Q

What are the arteries of the testes?

A
  • Deferential artery
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus
131
Q

Nerves of testes

A

Branches of genitofemoral nerve form lumbar plexus

132
Q

Inguinal hernias

A
  • Protrusions of visceral tissues into inguinal canal
  • Fairly common in males
  • Spermatic cord creates weak point in abdominal wall.
133
Q

Tunica alburginea

A
  • Deep to tunica vaginalis
  • dense layer of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
  • Continuous with fibers surrounding epididymis
  • Fibers form septa testis that converge near entrance to epididymis.
  • Supports blood and lymphatic vessels of testis and efferent ductules.
134
Q

Septa subdivide each testis into ______

135
Q

Efferent ductules connect where?

A

Epididymis

136
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) produce what?

A

-Androgens

137
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Start of male reproductive tract.
  • Coiled tube almost 7 m long.
  • Bound to posterior border
  • Head, Body , and Tail
138
Q

Head of epididymis

A

-Largest part, receives sperm from efferent ductules.

139
Q

Body of Epididymis

A

On posterior surface of testis

140
Q

Tail of epididymis

A
  • Begins near inferior border of testis
  • ascends to connection with ductus deferens
  • Primary storage location of sperm.
141
Q

What are the 3 functions of the epididymis?

A
  • Monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubes; Sterocillia go up SA for absorption & secretion of fluid in tube.
  • Recycle damaged sperm.
  • Store and protect sperm and facilitate their functional maturation; 3 weeks.
142
Q

How long are the ductus deferens (vas deferens)

A

40-45 cm long

143
Q

True or false:

The ductus deferens is part of the spermatic cord.

144
Q

Where does the ductus deferens start?

A

-Begins at tail of epididymis and scends through inguinal canal.

145
Q

The ducturs deferens curves inferioly along _______ ______.

Toward _______ and seminal glands.

A
  1. Urinary bladder

2. Prostate

146
Q

Lumen enlarges into what?

A

ampulla of ductus deferens

147
Q

Ampulla of ductus deferens contains a think layer of what type of muscle?

A

-Smooth muschle

148
Q

How long is the male urethra?

149
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
150
Q

What is the job of the digestive system?

A

Acquires nutrients from environment which is used to synthesize essential compounds.

151
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

What is the digestive tract?

152
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • Teeth
    • Tongue
    • Various glandular organs
153
Q

When does ingestion occur?

A

Occurs when food enters oral cavity.

154
Q

What 2 things occur during mechanical digestion and propulsion?

A
  • Crushing and shearing of food.

- Propelling food along digestive tract.

155
Q

What 5 things are released during secretion?

A
  • Water
    • Acids
    • enzymes
    • buffers
    • salts
156
Q

What 3 place do secretions occur?

A
  • Epithelium of digestive tract
    • glandular organs
    • gallbladder
157
Q

What are 5 things moved during absorption?

A
  • Organic molecules
    • Electrolytes
    • Vitamins
    • minerals
    • water
158
Q

Where does absorption take place?

A

Across digestive epithelium and into interstitial fluid of digestive tract.

159
Q

What is defecation?

A

Elimination of wastes from body.

160
Q

Compacted dehydrated wastes are call what?

161
Q

What 3 things does the digestive tract protect us against?

A
  • Corrosive effects of digestive acids and enxymes
    • Mechanical stresses
    • Bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in digestive tract.
162
Q

Peritoneum is serous membrane lining what cavity?

A

Peritoneal cavity

163
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

A

Organs within peritoneal cavity

164
Q

What does the perietal peritoneum line?

A

Surfaces of body wall.

165
Q

Serous membrane makes what?

A

Peritoneal fluid

166
Q

What does peritoneal fluid allow?

A

Sliding of parietal and visceral surfaces without friction or irritation.

167
Q

Ascites

A

Abdominal swelling due to buildup of peritoneal fluid.

168
Q

Mesenteries is a double sheet of what?

A

Peritoneal membrane

169
Q

Where are mesenteries?

A

Suspend portions of digestive tract with peritoneal cavity.

170
Q

Mesenteries connect what 2 body structures?

A

parietal peritoneum to visceral peritoneum.

171
Q

What are the 3 functions of the mesenteries?

A
  • Route to and from digestive tract for blood.
    • Stabilize positions of attached organs.
    • Prevent intestines form becoming entangled.
172
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lesser omentum?

A
  • Stabilizes position of stomach

- Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver.

173
Q

What is the function of the Falciform ligament?

A

Helps stabilize position of lever relative to diaphragm.

174
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend to?

A

Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine.

175
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Adipose tissue in greater omentum?

A
  • Conforms to shapes of surrounding organs.
    • Pads and protects surfaces of abdomen.
    • Provides insulation to reduce heat loss.
    • stores lipid energy reserves.
176
Q

What is the mesentery proper?

A

Thick mesenterial sheet.

177
Q

What are 2 functions of mesentery proper?

A
  • Provides stability

- Permits some independent movement.

178
Q

How far does the mesentery proper extend into the small intestine?

179
Q

Mesentery associated with duodenum and pancreas fuse with what?

A

Abdominal wall

180
Q

During development mesocolon of ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum do what 2 things?

A
  • Fuse to posterior body wall

- Lock regions in place

181
Q

What are the 4 major layers of the digestive tract innermost to outermost?

A
  • Mucosa (inner most)
    • Submucosa
    • Muscular layer
    • Serosa (outer most)
182
Q

Muscosa

A

Inner lining of digestive tract.

183
Q

What 3 things does the mucosa contain?

A
  • Epithelium
    • Lamina propria
    • Muscular muscularis mucosae
184
Q

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal is made of what type of tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

185
Q

The stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine is what type of tissue?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

186
Q

What is the function of the enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete hormones that coordinate activities of digestive tract and accessory glands.

187
Q

Lamina propria is a layer of areolar tissue that contains what 5 structures?

A
  • Blood vessels
    • Sensory nerve endings
    • Lymphatic vessels
    • Smooth muscle cells
    • Scattered lymphatic tissue
188
Q

Smooth muscle cells are arranged in two concentric layers where in the body?

A

Muscularis mucosae

189
Q

Inner layer of the muscularis mucosae encircles what?

190
Q

Outer layer of the muscularis mucosae contains cells arranged parallel to where?

A

Axis of tract (longitudinal layer)

191
Q

Submucosa contains what 3 things?

A
  • Blood vessels
    • lymphatic vessels
    • exocrine glands
192
Q

What do the exocrine glands in submucosa secrete?

A

Buffers and enzymes into digestive tract.

193
Q

What does the submucosal neural plexus do?

A

Innervates mucosa and submucosa

194
Q

What is the muscular layer of layer of the digestive system involved in?

A

Mechanical digestion and moving materials along digestive tract.

195
Q

What are movements are coordinated by enteric nervous system? 2 things

A

Innervated primarily by parasympathetic division

Also by sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

196
Q

What is the myenteric plexus?

A

Network of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory neurons, interneurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

197
Q

What does the serosa cover?

A

Muscular layer

198
Q

What is Adveitia?

A

Dense network of collagen fibers that firmly attach the digestive tract to adjacent structures.

199
Q

Rhythmic cycles of activity are controlled by what?

A

Pacesetter cells that undergo spontaneous depolarization.

200
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Waves of muscular contractions that move a bolus along length of digestive tract.

201
Q

What muscles contract during peristalsis?

A
  • Circular muscles behind the bolus contract
    • Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract..
    • Wave of contraction in circular muscle.
202
Q

What is Segmentation?

A

Cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus mixing contents with intestinal secretions.

203
Q

True or False:

Segmentation has a set pattern.

A

False, segmentation has not set pattern.

204
Q

True or False:

Segmentation does not push materials in any one direction.

205
Q

Where is segmentation seen to happen?

206
Q

What are the 3 regulation of digestive functions?

A
  • Local factors
    • Neural mechanisms
    • Hormonal mechanisms
207
Q

Local factors include what 3 things?

A

pH
Volume
Chemical composition of intestinal contents

208
Q

Stretching of intestinal wall can stimulate what?

A

Localized contractions

209
Q

Local factors may stimulate release of what 3 chemicals?

A
  • Protaglandins
    • Histamine
    • Other chemicals that may affect adjacent cells
210
Q

Neural mechanisms control what?

211
Q

Visceral motor neurons control what?

A

Smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion.

212
Q

Short reflexes control what?

A

Small segments of digestive tract.

213
Q

Long reflexes control what 3 things?

A
  • Provide higher level control
    • Stimulate large-scale peristalsis
    • Parasympathetic motor fibers synapse in myenteric plexus
214
Q

What are Hormonal mechanisms?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

215
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells in t the digestive tract do?

A

Produce peptide hormones

216
Q

Where do enteroendocrine cells travel through to reach target organs?

A

-Blood Stream

217
Q

What are the 4 functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • Sensory analysis
    • Mechanical digestion
    • Lubrication
    • Limited chemical digestion
218
Q

What structures are used during mechanical digestion in the oral cavity?

A
  • Teeth
    • Tongue
    • Palatal surfaces
219
Q

What is digested during limited chemical digestion?

A
  • Carbohydrates

- Lipids

220
Q

What type of tissue is the oral mucosa made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

221
Q

Where is the oral mucosa located? (3 places)

A
  • Cheeks
    • Lips
    • Inferior surface of tongue
222
Q

What 2 things are the cheeks supported by?

A
  • Pads of fat

- Buccinator muscles

223
Q

Where is the oral vestibule?

A

Between the cheeks & teeth

224
Q

What are gingivae (gums)?

A

Ridges of oral mucosa

Reproductive and digestive system (1 decks)

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