Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
explain sex differentiation in male development considering: Y chromosome, testes, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, Wolffian ducts, and mullerian ducts
Y chromosome has a sex-determining region that releases SRY protein onto to gonadal tissue, causing the tissue to differentiate. Testis determining factor (TDF) influences gonadal tissues to become testes and they produce multiple proteins –> causing proliferation of Leydig, Sertoli cells, and Spermatogonia. Leydig cells proliferate and produce testosterone which activates Wolffian ducts to become the internal reproductive organs. Spermatogonia secretes DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) which becomes male external reprodutive organs. Sertoli cells produce Mullerian Inhibiting hormone which causes Mullerian ducts to regress
explain sex differentiation in females considering: oogonia, sertoli cells, mullerian ducts
Hint: Mullerian ducts become a MOM.
-no Y chromosome so gonadal tissue remains undifferentiated
-oogonia: primitive eggs/germ cell
-Sertoli cells do NOT produce MIH and in its absence the Mullerian ducts proliferate to become the fallopian tubes, uterus, and proximal vagina
T/F oogenesis begins in utero, where the peak number of follicles is @ 20 weeks gestation
TRUE
How is external genitalia formed in females
the genital tubercle (that is activated by DHT in males to become male external genitalia) becomes the clitoris
puberty development of females
- Thelarce (breast budding)
- Adrenarche (pubic hair)
- Growth Spurt Peak
- Change in body shape
- Growth of underarm hair
- Menstruation/Period
- adult breast size
The ad grew and changed to a hairy arm and bloody boob
If patient deviates from stepwise manner of female development, you should suspect….
hormone dysregulation
What is menopause? how is it defined?
-follicular atresia continues
-changes in menstrual cycle: no dominant ovarian follicle each month, menstruation ceases for 12 months
-average age is 52
-hormonal levels can fluctuate widely
-estradiol declines, ESTRONE dominates
-symptoms related to lack of estrogen and progesterone
how long after breast budding can we expect a period?
most girls get their first period within 2-3 years after development of breast buds
when should females who have not reached puberty or have not had a period be evaluated?
- no breast buds by age 13/signs of puberty by 13
- no period by age 15
causes of delayed menstruation in females
-poor nutrition, or eating disorders
-hereditary
-involvement in sports/athletics
menstrual cycle overview
FOLLICULAR PHASE
Day 0: first day of period!
Day 4-5: last day of period! LH is low, FSH is low, estradiol starts to build
Day 12-13: LH spikes in preparation for ovulation (ovulation occurs within 10-12 hours of LH peak), FSH increases
Day 14: Ovulation! LH, FSH, and estradiol decrease; body temp increases
LUTEAL PHASE
day 16: progesterone builds/corpus luteum develops
day 21: progesterones at its peak, endometrium is proliferating
day 28: progesterone falls, egg not fertilized = period
organs of the menstrual cycle
- hypothalamus (gnRH)
- anterior pituitary (LH and FSH)
- ovary (estrogen and progesterone provide negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary; also acts on endometrium)
- uterus (endometrium)
function of LH vs FSH
FSH- development of a dominant follicle
LH- primary
Where do steroid hormones come from/produced by?
-gonads and adrenals!!
-includes: androgens (testosterone), estrogens and progesterones
when does each of the following estrogens dominant in the females lifecycle:
1. estraDiol (E2)
2. estriol (E3)
2. Estrone (E1)
- estraDiol (E2): main estrogen of the reproDuctive years
- estriol (E3): secreted by the placenta (pregnancy!!)
- Estrone (E1): weakest estrogen, primary estrogen of menopause
estrogen effects
-reproductive tissues actions
-systemic effects/symptoms (breast, skeleton, metabolic, skin, renal)
REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE ACTIONS
-cellular proliferation and growth of tissues in reproductive organs
-ovarian follicle maturation
-proliferation of endometrial glands and spiral arteries
-contractions of the uterus and fallopian tubes
-Spinnbarkeit: fertile cervical mucus (watery, clear)
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS/SYMPTOMS
-breasts: stromal tissue, ducts, and fat
-skeleton: increased osteoblast activity (Blasts Build Bone)
-metabolic: slight increase in metabolic rate, deposition of SQ fat
-skin: stoftens texture, becomes more vascular (leads to increased warmth)
-renal: sodium and water retention
Progesterone Effects:
-reproductive tissue actions
-systemic effects (breasts, GI, pscyh, renal)
REPROCUTIVE TISSUES
-secretory changes in the endometrium (prepares uterus for implantation)
-smooth muscle quiescence (uterus, fallopian tubes, GI tract)
-thick, non-futile cervical mucous
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
-breasts: development of lobules and alveoli
-GI: slowed motility, constipation
-Psych: labile and or depressed mood
Renal: enhances Na, Cl, H20 reabsorption in kidneys (bloating and water retention)
what is Mittelschmerz?
pain at ovulation
T/F: A temperature rise of .2 to .6 degrees C. confirms ovulation has taken place but does NOT predict it
TRUE
anatomy of the breast
-lobe: section of breast composed of glandular tissue and surrounded by faty and connective tissue radiating around the nipple; 15 to 20 in each breast
-lobules: small branching glands within each lobe contain tiny, hollow sacs called alveoli, which are responsible for milk production
-each lobe empties into single lactiferous duct that opens out through the nipple
-unique proliferation occurs under influence of estrogen during puberty
pelvic floor muscles function
-levator ani
-pubococcygeus
pelvic floor muscles along with ligaments and fascia support abdominal and pelvic organs, maintain continence, and facilitate passage of fetus during birth
