Reproductive

Question 1

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Benign hyperplasia is an enlargement of the prostate gland in which glandular hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia, or both, result from hormone imbalance in intact male dogs.

Significant enlargement can lead to signs affecting defecation or urination.

Question 2

How does bacterial prostatitis occur?

Answer 2

Can be acute or chronic.

Ascending urinary tract infection or septicemia is a common cause, although descending urinary tract infections or extension from testicular or epididymal disease can occur.

Question 3

Name a possible cause of bacterial prostatitis?

Answer 3

Brucella canis

Question 4

Name a cause of fungal prostatitis?

Answer 4

Blastomycosis
Systemic canididiasis

Fungal prostatitis is less common than bacterial prostatitis.

Question 5

How is chronic bacterial prostatitis treated?

Answer 5

Castration

Repeat ultrasound is useful in monitoring resolution of lesions and size reduction of the prostate. If no improvement is noted then neoplasia may be present.

Question 6

Is prostatic neoplasia more common in intact or neutered males.

Answer 6

Neutered males

Question 7

What is the most common kind of prostatic tumor?

Answer 7

TCC - most common in neutered males
Adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinomas

Lymphoma of the prostate has been reported.

Question 8

Where do prostatic tumors like to metastasize?

Answer 8

Prostatic neoplasms have a high rate of metastasis to regional lymph nodes and bony structures, lungs, and distant bony sites.

**The majority of prostatic tumors are malignant. Biopsies should be used to confirm the diagnosis. However, seeding of the neoplastic cells along the needle tract can occur.

Question 9

What are prostatic cysts associated with?

Answer 9

Can be congenital or acquired.

They are classified into cysts associated with prostatic hypertrophy or squamous metaplasia, retention cysts, and paraprostatic cysts.

Usually incidental but ~ 50% of incidentally found cysts are infected.

Question 10

What are paraprostatic cysts thought to originate from?

Answer 10

Paraprostatic cysts are not uncommon. They are thought to originate from embryological remnants of müllerian ducts or as extensions from a prostate lobe.

They may be attached to the prostate by a thin stalk, or broad fibrous adhesions may be present. Communication directly with the prostate gland and urethra can occur.

These large cysts can become infected and be reflected in the clinical signs. The infection can extend into nearby structures.

Question 11

What are the 3 common types of testicular tumors?

Answer 11

Interstitial/Leydic Cell tumors
Sertoli cell tumors
Seminomas

*mixed tumors are also reported

Question 12

How does orchitis usually occur?

Answer 12

Inflammation of both testes.

Retrograde infection through the ductus deferens from urinary bladder, prostate, or urethral infections is the most common route, although penetrating wounds can occur. Abscess formation is common.

Orchitis is often found concurrently with epididymitis in the canine.

Orchitis secondary to Rocky Mountains Spotted fever has been reported.

Question 13

Describe the changes of the ovaries with estrus cycle?

Answer 13

During estrus, multiple follicles mature, become fluid filled, and may eventually rupture, releasing ova into the ovarian bursa followed by migration down the uterine tube.

After ovulation, the follicular cavity fills with blood (corpus hemorrhagicum), which is resorbed, forming the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum remains throughout pregnancy (or throughout diestrus if pregnancy does not occur), producing progesterone; it then degenerates at parturition into a focal area of scar tissue, the corpus albicans.

Question 14

When does ovulation typically occur?

Answer 14

2 days after LH surge?

Question 15

What are 3 categories of ovarian tumors?

Answer 15

Surface epithelium tumors:

• Adenoma
• Adenocarcinoma

Sex cord tumors- gonadal stromal tumors:

• Granulosa cell tumor
• Thecoma
• Luteoma

Germ cell tumors:
- Dysgerminoma

Question 16

What is a possible complication of an ovarian stem granuloma?

Answer 16

Occlusion of the adjacent ureter can be a secondary finding, leading to hydronephrosis.

Question 17

What is pyometra?

Answer 17

Canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia–pyometra complex is secondary to an abnormal response to repeated progesterone stimulation and uterine infection.

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) usually precedes pyometra in bitches older than 6 years, whereas younger bitches may develop pyometra without concurrent cystic endometrial hyperplasia.

With cystic endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial thickening occurs as endometrial glands increase in size and number in response to progesterone. Sterile luminal mucin fluid accumulation may occur, causing hydrometra or mucometra (the difference depends on degree of mucin hydration).

Uterine infection leads to pyometra.

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of a stump pyometra?

Answer 18

Clinical signs may be referable to a persistent vaginitis or discharge, or it may be associated with dysuria secondary to scarring and adhesions of the uterine stump to the urinary bladder.

Question 19

What are some examples of uterine neoplasia?

Answer 19

Although uterine neoplasms are rare in the dog and cat but the following have been reported:

• Adenomas
• Adenocarcinomas
• Leiomyomas
• Leiomyosarcomas

Question 20

When does ovulation in a bitch usually occur?

Answer 20

24 - 72 hours after LH surge

Question 21

When does estrus in a bitch occur?

Answer 21

Estrus begins a day or two before LH surge and continues 5 -9 days post LH surge.