Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 Body system lecture notes year 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle

A

Generate oocyte
Facilitate fertilisation
Optimise endometrium for implantation
Protect developing embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the starting and end stages of menstrual cycle

A

Begins at menarche

Ends at menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When are the follicular phase, luteal phase, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

A

Ovarian cycle:
Follicular: days 1 -14
Luteal: days 14-28

Uterine cycle:
Menstrual: days 1-5
Proliferative: 5-14
Secretory: 14-28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is GnRH

A

Decapeptide
Secreted by mid basal hypothalamic neurons
Hourly pulses
Transported to pituitary via hypophyseal portal blood system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is GnRH secretion affected

A 
Bereavement
Anxiety
Time zone
Day/night
Exercise
Weight loss/gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates follicular activity thus promoting estradiol production from gransulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Triggers release of egg from dominant follicle

Promotes development of the corpus lute and the production of progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the stages of follicular development

A

Primordial follicle -> primary/preantral follicle -> secondary/antral follicle -> preovulatory follicle -> ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is oral contraception

A 
Combined: contains estradiol and progesterone
Stead state levels
Inhibit GnRH/FSH/LH
Prevent ovulation
Thin endometrium
Tenacious mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the stages of implantation

A 
Shedding of ZP
Pre-contact blastocyst orientation
Apposition cellular contacts
Adhesion
Penetration of endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hCG

A

Produced by trophoblast cells
Glycoprotein
Similar structure to LH, FSH
Luteotrophic: continues to stimulate the corpus luteum which produces progesterone
Production is autonomous (independent of hypothalamus and pituitary
Though to be the cause of morning sickness
Used in pregnancy test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is seen at each week, since last menstrual period, of pregnancy from an ultrasound

A

5 weeks: gestation sac
6 weeks: foetal pole, yolk sac
7 weeks: foetal heart activity
8 weeks: foetal limbs, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cardiovascular changes are seen from the mother

A 
40% increase in blood volume
Increase in red cell mass
Physiologic anaemia of pregnancy 
Increased cardiac output
Mechanism: oestrogen stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What respiratory changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Increased oxygen consumption
Respiratory compensation
Change in central control of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What renal changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Increased renal blood flow
Increased GFR
Pelvicalyceal and ureteric dilation
Blasser capacity decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What GI changes are seen from the mother during pregnancy

A

Altered appetite
Lower oesophageal pressure
Incompetence of cardia (causes nausea)
Decreased motility (causes constipation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the placenta

A

Hormone production
Preferential acquisition nutrients and removal of toxins
Gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is myometrial activity

A

Gradual preparation for labour as pregnancy progresses

Mechanical/ endocrine/ paracrine influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is labour

A

Regular painful contractions
Progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix
descent of the presenting part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the sequence signalling for labour

A

Endocrine from foetus -> cytokines -> prostaglandins -> oxytocin -> labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes preterm parturition

A

Uterine capacity
Cervical weakness
Placental abruption
Infection

22
Q

What is the pelvis

A

Basin-shaped caudal end of body cavity

Continuous with abdomen above, surrounded by bony pelvis, limited below by pelvic floor/diaphragm

23
Q

What is the perineum

A

Area inferior (superficial) to pelvic floor, bound by pelvic outlet, limited inferiorly by the skin

24
Q

What bones make up the pelvis

A

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

25
Q

What are the functions of bony pelvis

A

Surface for muscle attachment: muscles of trunk and lower limb
Transfers weight of trunk to: lower limbs (standing) or ischial tuberosity (sitting)
Protect pelvic organs and developing embryo/ foetus

26
Q

What is the SRY gene

A

The sex-dermining region of the Y chromosome
Initiates production of testis-determining factor
So determines male rather than female

27
Q

Where does the reproductive system derive from

A

Intermediate mesoderm -> urogenital ridge -> urinary system and reproductive system

28
Q

What happens to the indifferent gonad

A

Splits developmentally into two regions:
outer cortex,
inner medulla
Fate of the regions is dependent on TDF production
Female: cortical cords develop, medullary cords regress, no development of tunica albuginea
Male: no cortical cords, medullary cords develop, tunica albuginea develop

29
Q

How do the testis develop

A

Under influence of TDF primitive sex cords continue to develop into:
Medullary (testis) cords:
rete testis (hilum)
Seminiferous tubules
Tunica albuginea: connective tissue that develops around the testes

30
Q

How do the ovaries develop

A

Medullary cords degenerate
Surface epithelium continues to proliferate and produce secondary generation of cords: cortical cords
Cortical cords split and surround oocytes in 5th month
All oocytes are present at birth

31
Q

How do the testes descend

A

Extraabdominal gubernaculum shortens, pulling tests towards the internal inguinal ring where the remain from 3rd to 7th month
Gubernaculum shortens chain and bulls testes through the inguinal canal aided by pressure of growing abdominal organs
Testes reach the scrotum by 9th month just before birth

32
Q

How do the ovaries descend

A

Descend to pelvic brim
Gubernaculum passes through inguinal canal and inserts into labia majora
Persists in adult as the ovarian ligament proper and the round ligament of the uterus

33
Q

What is the ideal contraceptive

A 
Effective
Convenient
Reversible
Safe 
Cheap
Independent of medical profession
Acceptable to every religion and culture
Have non-contraceptive benefits
34
Q

how do the uterus and vagina form

A

Cloaca divides into urogenital sinus and anus

Urogenital sinus develops sinovaginal bulbs that fuse with caudal tips of paramesonephric ducts to form vagina

35
Q

What are the abnormalities of the uterus

A

Failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse
Failure of uterine septum to degenerate
Failure of one paramesonephric duct to elongate

36
Q

How do external genitalia develop

A

Mesoderm cells migrate to surround cloaca membrane and form elevated cloaca folds which unite anteriorly to form genital tubercle (future penis/ clitoris
Cloacal folds divide into anal and uterus divisions
Genital swellings appear next to urethral folds (future scrotum or labia majora)

Male: genital tubercle elongates to form phallus
genital swellings enlarge and move caudally

Female: genital tubercle elongates to form clitoris
Urethral folds do not fuse so form labia minora
Genital swellings form labia majora
Urogenital groove remains open

37
Q

How is the penile urethra formed

A

Urethral folds pulled forward and form lateral walls of the urethral groove
This is lined by epithelium and form urethral plate
End of 3rd month: urethral folds close over urethral plate to form penile urethral groove and scrotal swellings fuse in midline (separated by scrotal septum)

38
Q

What is hypospadias

A

Incomplete fusion of urethral folds
Urethra opens on ventral surface of penis
Difficulty urinating
Can be repaired surgically using foreskin

39
Q

What is epispadias

A

Condition usually arises as a result of the urethra opening on the dorsal surface of the penis
Often associated with exstrophy of the bladder
Results from the improper location of the genital tubercle posterior to urogenital sinus, urethral groove located on dorsal surface of penis

40
Q

What is fertility

A

Measure of reproductive output, usually expressed as a fertility rate such as number of births per woman

41
Q

What is fecundity

A

Potential to reproduce

42
Q

What is maternal death

A

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes

43
Q

What is direct maternal death

A

Resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnant state, from interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events resulting from these

44
Q

What is indirect maternal death

A

Deaths resulting from previous existing disease or disease that developed during pregnancy and which was not the result of direct obstetric causes but which was aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy

45
Q

What is late maternal death

A

Deaths resulting between 42 days and 1 year after the end pf pregnancy that are the result of direct or indirect maternal causes

46
Q

What is coincidental maternal death

A

Deaths from unrelated causes which happen to occur during pregnancy or the puerperium

47
Q

What are examples of direct maternal deaths

A 
Thrombosis
Haemorrhage 
Amniotic fluid embolism
Genetic tract sepsis
PET
Early pregnancy
Anaesthesia
48
Q

What is endometritis

A 
Infection within uterus
Day 2-10
More common following section
Offensive vaginal loss
Symptoms:
fever, malaise, headaches, abdominal pain, offensive lochia, secondary PPH
49
Q

What is post part haemorrhage

A

Sudden and profuse blood loss or persistent increased blood loss
Faintness, dizziness
Palpitations, tachycardia
Causes: tone, trauma, tissue infection, thrombin

50
Q

What are the 2 triangles of the perineum

A

UT: urogenital triangle (urethra/vagina)
AT: anal triangle: anus

51
Q

What are the boundaries of the anal triangle

A

Medially: external anal sphincter and elevator and
Laterally: obturator interns
Inferiorly: subcutaneous tissue

Y1 Body system lecture notes year 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions