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Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Testosterone is synthesized in …… & …..

A

testes and adrenal gland (zona reticularis)

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2
Q

The testes can not synthesize glucocorticoids because ……..

A

they lack the enzyme 11 beta hydroxylase (and 21 hydroxylase)

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3
Q

How is Androgen formed from cholesterol??

A
  1. Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone (mitochondria, by 20-22 desmolase)
  2. pregnenolone is converted to DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone, by 17-20 desmolase)
  3. DHEA is converted to androstenodione (by 3 beta HSD)
  4. Androstenodione is converted to Testosterone (by 17 beta HSD)
    * This occur in both the adrenal and the testes
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4
Q

Sex hormone binding globulin is …

A

SHBG method of transporting sex hormone in blood. Binds testosterone, estradiole, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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5
Q

The half life of testosterone is ….

A

90 mins

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6
Q

Testosterone is activated to …. in some tissues

A

DHT

  • prostate, hair follicles, external genitalia
  • DHT binds to nuclear receptors to activate mRNA transcription
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7
Q

Initiation of speamatogenesis in …… cells is influenced by …… & …..

A

Sertoli
FSH & testosterone
* Paracrine effect

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8
Q

Testosterone is needed in high levels for functioning of ….., ….. & …..

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

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9
Q

The prostate needs …… for growth and secretion

A

DHT

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10
Q

DHT is required in the scrotum for ….. , and also penis …..

A

rugation (to cool testes)

enlargement at puberty

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11
Q

BPH is caused by …. in elderly

A

DHT

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12
Q

Sebaceous glands activity is increased by ….

A

androgens at puberty

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13
Q

The most potent anabolic hormone is ……

A

testosterone

* it increases protein synthesis and muscle mass

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14
Q

Testosterone in both sexes is the cause of growth spurts by acting on …..

A

androgen receptors in the end plates of long bones (direct effect)
* Indirect effect is by stimulating GH secretion

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15
Q

Although androgens encourage bone growth, it has a paradoxical effect by …..

A

stimulate the closing of the epiphyseal plates (end plates), thus limiting growth

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16
Q

LH activates ….. to produce testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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17
Q

FSH activates Sertoli cells to synthesize and release …..

A

androgen binding protein

* same as SHBG

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18
Q

what is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis ??

A

stimulates the seminiferous tubules and synergizes with FSH to initiate and maintain spermatogenesis

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19
Q

Testosterone inhibits …… secretion from the pituitary, and ….. from hypothalamus

A

LH (testosterone is converted to estradiole before inhibition, catalyzed by aromatase)
GnRH

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20
Q

Inhibin function is ……

A

feedback to the pituitary to block the synthesis of FSH & GnRH (in both sexes)

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21
Q

Sperms released from the seminiferous epithelium are …..

A

non motile nor fertile at this stage

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22
Q

What is the forward motility factor??

A

A protein formed in the epididymis that acts with testosterone on the sperm to activate its motility, however, it is still non fertile at this stage
* non motile sperm moves in the epididymis by peristalsis

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23
Q

Muscular contractions within …… drive the sperms through the rest of the male urethra

A

vas deferens

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24
Q

Sperms can survive in the epididymis for up to ….. days

A

40

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25
Q

Most of the seminal fluid is from ……, the rest is from ….. . It contains …… & …..

A

seminal vesicles, prostate
* Seminal fluid contains fructose (oxidative substrate for sperms) and Prostoglandin (helps in the induction of contractions in the uterus to propel the the sperm forward)

26
Q

Sperms are drawn out of …… when seminal fluid is rushed out the terminal opening of vas deferens

A

vas deferens

27
Q

Progesterone and estrogen are both found in males. T/F ??

A

true

28
Q

Theca interna binds …. , which stimulates the production of ….. from ….. .
Androgen secreted from theca cells are carried to ….. & …..

A

LH
pregnenolone
cholesterol
the blood & granulosa cells

29
Q

Under the influence of ……, granulosa cells convert androgen to …… by …… activity

A

FSH, estrone then to estradiole, aromatase
* FSH also stimulates the formation of LH receptors on the granulosa cells (this occurs upon ovulation. Before that, they lack 17-hydroxylase activity and cannot synthesize estrogen themselves)

30
Q

Corpus luteum is composed of ….. & ….. . It has the ability to produce …… & …..

A

theca interna & granulosa cells

estrogen and progesterone

31
Q

Testosterone and estradiol both can bind to ….., while progesterone binds to ……..

A

SHBG

corticosteriod binding globulin (also called transcortin, which also binds cortisol and aldosterone)

32
Q

Steroid hormones bind to …… which migrates to the nucleus to promote …..

A

cytoplasmic receptor

transcription

33
Q

Estrogen effects on females are …..

A
  1. Breast, clitoral & labial growth
  2. Ovulation
  3. Increase oxytocin receptors in fallopian tubes (for contraction)
  4. Increase blood flow to uterus & endometrial growth
  5. Thickens vaginal mucosal lining
34
Q

Estrogens, like androgens are anabolic hormones. T/F??

A

True

* also responsible for growth spurt and epiphyseal closure

35
Q

Postmenopausal women are given estrogen to ……

A

inhibit bone resorption (osteoporosis)

36
Q

Estrogen …. HDL, ….. LDL

A

increase

decrease

37
Q

Estrogen is responsible for fat deposition in females. T/F??

A

true

* around the hips & breasts

38
Q

Progesterone effects are ….. & …..

A

further proliferation of endometrium (after estrogen)

counteracts the action of estrogen in sensitizing the uterus for muscular contraction

39
Q

In the follicular phase, progesterone falls and releases its ….

A

its inhibitory effect on hypothalamus. GnRH increase, leading to LH & FSH increase

40
Q

Increased estrogen levels at the end of follicular phase causes ……. . While in the midcycle, high levels causes ….

A

suppression of FSH release

surge in both FSH & LH release

41
Q

Ovulation is caused by ……

A

high level of estrogen with LH

* LH weakens the follicle wall and causing it to rupture.

42
Q

In the luteal phase, ….. .is secreted in high levels, while ….. & ….. levels fall

A

progesterone
LH & FSH
* progesterone level increase is due to neovascularization of the corpus luteum

43
Q

Progesterone inhibits ….. release

A

GnRH

* although estrogen level are also high, GnRH is more inhibited by progesterone

44
Q

If luteolysis occurs, ….. & ….. levels decrease

A

progesterone & estrogen

* the uterus lining shed and menstrual period begins

45
Q

Basal body temperature is increased due to high level of ……. during the luteal phase

A

progesterone

46
Q

What is the effect of high ratio of estrogen/progesterone ??

A

increase oxytocin receptors in the fallopian tubes to induce motility, also increase the sweeping action of the fimbriae to capture the egg
* The ratio is high in the follicular phase and midcycle

47
Q

What is the effect of low ratio of estrogen/progesterone ??

A

the contractions of the fallopian tubes and the uterus stops to allow the fertilized egg to implant in the uterus
* This occur during the luteal phase

48
Q

Most fertilization occurs in ……..

A

the ampullary-isthmus junction of the ampulla

49
Q

What is the ratio of estrogen/progesterone during pregnancy?

A

the ratio is low, and progesterone level remains high to calm the uterus

50
Q

During delivery, cervical stretch causes …..

A

the hypothalamus to release more oxytocin, causing greater contractions and further expulsion of the fetus.
* After delivery, contractions continue to expel the placenta and shutting down open blood vessels in the uterus. After that, oxytocin level falls

51
Q

hCG is synthesized in ……, secreted into …..

A

syncytiotrophoblast
fetal & maternal blood
* hCG in urine is the basis of home pregnancy test

52
Q

hCG function is …….

A

maintaining the corpus luteum and its progesterone & estradiole secretion
* By the 10-12 week, the placenta takes over progesterone secretion, and hCG level decreases

53
Q

The placenta can not produce estrogen because it lacks the enzyme ……, but it accomplishes that through the use of …..

A

17 α hydroxylase
DHEA-sulfate (from fetal and maternal adrenal)
* 17 α hydroxylase converts progestrone & pregnenolone to androstenodione & DHEA repsectively

54
Q

Estriol is produced in …… from ….. . It’s function is ……

A

fetal liver & adrenal cortex, DHEA-sulfate
keeping the uterus supplied with blood
* It is a very weak estrogen, but it has very high level in the maternal blood
* DHEA-sulfate is desulfated in the placenta to produce estriol
* Low estriol levels may indicate a problem with the fetus. It is the best index for fetal health

55
Q

The function of estradiol & estrone is ……..

A

keeping the uterus functioning during pregnancy

56
Q

Prior to lactation, …… stimulate prolactin release from the pituitary

A

estrogen

* High estrogen & progesterone levels inhibit milk production

57
Q

Ductal elongation in the breast is stimulated by …..

A

estrogen

58
Q

No milk is produced in the breast during pregnancy because of ……

A

very high levels of estrogen and progesteron

  • however, low levels are required for lactation
  • Also required is low levels of T3, T4 & insulin for lactation to occur
59
Q

What is the function of oxytocin in lactation?

A

Contraction of myoepithelial cells leading to milk let down

* Suckling stimulates oxytocin release from hypothalamus

60
Q

The return to hormonal cyclicity after birth depends on what??

A

On nursing. As long as the nursing is taking place and prolactin is high, no cyclicity occur, because prolactin suppresses LH and FSH release

61
Q

If the egg is not fertilized, corpus luteum regresses into ……

A

corpus albicans

Physiology (10 decks)

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