Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
What is asexual reproduction?
A
The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.
2
Q
What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
A
Budding, gemmules (internal buds), fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.
3
Q
What is budding in asexual reproduction?
A
Offspring is created from the body of the parent.
4
Q
What is gemmules (internal buds) in asexual reproduction?
A
Parent releases specialized cells that become offspring.
5
Q
What is fragmentation?
A
Asexual reproduction in which a body part is lost and then regenerates into a new organism.
6
Q
What is parthenogenesis?
A
Unfertilized eggs grow into an individual.
7
Q
What is theriogenology, and why is reproductive efficiency important?
A
Study of animal reproduction, and because it brings in more money.
8
Q
What are the 2 associated systems in the reproductive system?
A
Urinary and Endocrine system.
9
Q
What are the hormones released by the endocrine system in response to the reproductive system?
A
GNRH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, Estrogen/ progesterone, and testosterone.
10
Q
What releases GnRH?
A
Hypothalamus.
11
Q
What releases FSH and LH?
A
Adenohypophysis (pituitary gland).
12
Q
What releases oxytocin?
A
Neurohypophysis (pituitary gland).
13
Q
What releases estrogen/ progesterone?
A
Ovaries.
14
Q
What releases testosterone?
A
Testes.
15
Q
What is a germ cell?
A
Haploid cell (sex cell).
16
Q
What process creates an ovum?
A
Oogenesis.
17
Q
What produces the male germ cell, spermatozoan?
A
Spermatogenesis.
18
Q
Germ cells start off as what kind of cells and end up as what type of cells?
A
Begin as diploid cells and through meiosis become haploid cells.
19
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
Continuous production of sperm cells in the testes, more specifically in the seminiferous tubules.
20
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
The production of a fixed number of ovum that develop in the follicle with the resulting haploid cells being 3 polar bodies and one oogonium.
21
Q
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
A
Spermatogenesis, deliver to female system and to produce androgens (testosterone).
22
Q
What are the different anatomical parts of the male reproductive system?
A
Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and accessory glands.
23
Q
What is the structure of the testes composed of?
A
Vaginal tunics, a capsule and cellular components.
24
Q
What are the vaginal tunics in the testes?
A
2 kinds of wrappings around the reproductive cells in the testicle, a parietal and a visceral.
25
What is the tunica albuginea?
Capsule that contains septal divisions, it separates the testicle into divisions that contain seminiferous tubules.
26
What are the 3 cellular components of the testes?
Interstitial cells, spermatogonia, and sertoli cells.
27
What are interstitial cells?
- Lie in the tissue space between seminiferous tubules
- Make/ release testosterone.
28
What are spermatogenic cells?
Sperm forming cells.
29
What are sertoli cells?
'Nurse cells' or supporting cells that aid in the production of gametes/ sperm cells.
30
Walk me through spermatogenesis.
Start with spermatogonia, goes through a mitotic division and becomes a spermatocyte that is diploid, then it will divide again and become a secondary spermatocyte that is haploid, then it will divide again and become a spermatid, and then it will go through physical changes and becomes a spermatozoa, these are released into the epididymis.
31
Under what conditions will allow for spermatogenesis?
Testes have to be cooler than the core, which is why they are located in the scrotum, outside of the body.
32
What is the embryologic location of the testes?
Caudal aspect kidney.
33
What is the name of the attachment from the testes to the scrotum?
Gubernaculum.
34
As the fetal grows, what happens to the testes?
They traverse the inguinal rings, through the peritoneal coverings.
35
What is Cryporchidism?
When the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.
36
What is the function of the scrotum?
It acts as a temperature regulator using the cremaster muscle and sweat glands.
37
What is the cremaster muscle?
A mechanism the scrotum has for temperature regulation, it can elevate or lower the testes.
38
How many divisions does the cutaneous sac of the scrotum have?
2 divisions.
39
What is produced by the testes?
Testosterone and inhibin (it also produces estrogen, various proteins and fluids).
40
What is the ductal system?
The passage that sperm takes. Starts in the seminiferous tubules, to the rete testis, out the efferent ducts, into the epididymis, and then out to the vas deferens.
41
What does the spermatic cord contain?
Vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, testicular vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle.
42
What is the name of the temperature regulating structure located in the spermatic cord?
Pampiniform plexus.
43
What is the pampiniform plexus?
A network of vessels that helps cool the blood to the scrotum, as well as modifying testosterone to its active state.
44
What is the function of the penis?
It acts as the copulatory organ as well as being the common urinary organ.
45
What are the 3 structural parts of the penis?
Crura, body and glans.
46
What are the 2 types of erectile tissue of the penis?
Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum.
47
What structure connects the penis to the pelvis?
Crura.
48
What are the functions of the accessory glands in the reproductive system of a male?
To produce seminal fluids.
49
True or false. Both dogs and cats contain seminal vesicles.
False. They do not contain seminal vesicles.
50
True or False. Both dog and cats contain bulbourethral glands.
False, only cats have this gland.
51
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
Perform Oogenesis, receive the male system, and produce female hormones.
52
What 4 processes vary in reproduction sites in the female system?
Fertilization, gestation, parturition, and neonatal nutrition.
53
What hormones are produced in the female system?
Estrogen and progesterone.
54
What produces estrogen?
Follicle cells.
55
What produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum cells.
56
What are the different anatomical parts of the female system?
Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, suspension ligaments, cervix, vagina and vulva.
57
What is the location of the ovaries?
Caudal to the kidneys.
58
True or False. The shape of the ovaries is species dependent.
True.
59
What are the 3 internal structures of the ovaries?
Cortex, medulla and hilus.
60
Explain oogenesis.
Watch a video on YouTube to fill this part up.
61
Explain spermatogenesis.
Watch a YouTube video on this to understand it better.
62
What hormones have an influence on the estrous cycles of females?
FSH and LH that are released by the pituitary gland.
63
What does uniparous mean?
Animals that give birth to one animal at a time.
64
What does multiparous mean?
Having more than one child, litter bearing animals.
65
What does the primary follicle contain?
Immature oocyte (ovum) and follicular cells.
66
As the follicle matures, some cells become what?
Granulosa cells.
67
Why are granulosa cells important?
They produce the hormone estrogen.
68
What does the mature follicle contain?
Cumulus oophorus and corona radiata.
69
What is the empty space of the maturing follicle?
The antrum.
70
What hormone does ovulation react to?
LH (both spontaneous and induced types).
71
What is the corpus hemorrhagicum?
The ruptured follicle collapses and the antrum fills with clotted blood.
72
What is the corpus luteum?
Healed yellow portion of follicle, high levels of progesterone, helps with maintain pregnancy.
73
What is the corpus albicans?
Degenerated corpus luteum, scar tissue.
74
What are the functions of the oviducts?
Act as a transport pathway and fertilization site.
75
What is the structure of the oviducts called?
Infundibulum.
76
What is the infundibulum?
Catches and channels the released eggs.
77
What are the walls of the oviduct made up?
Cilia and smooth muscle to help move the ovum.
78
What is the function of the uterus?
Gestation and parturition.
79
What species have a bicornuate uterus?
Dogs, pigs and cats.
80
What species have a bipartite uterus?
Horse and cow.
81
What type of animals have a simplex uterus?
Primates.
82
What species have a duplex uterus?
Rabbit.
83
What are the 3 layers of the mural structure in the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium.
84
What does the endometrium portion of the mural structure of the uterus contain?
Columnar epithelium and tubular glands.
85
What does the myometrium portion of the mural structure contain?
Smooth muscle.
86
What does the perimetrium portion of the mural structure of the uterus contain?
Visceral peritoneum.
87
What part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovary?
Mesovarium.
88
What are the 3 parts of the broad ligaments?
Mesovarium, mesosalpinx and mesometrium.
89
What are the 3 ligaments that suspend the reproductive system in place?
The round, suspensory and broad ligament.
90
What is the function of the cervix?
Control of uterine access and fetal protection.
91
What is the cervix made of?
Thick smooth muscle.
92
What is the function of the vagina?
It serves as the female copulatory organ.
93
When would you see dilation of the vagina?
During breeding and parturition.
94
What is the structure of the vagina?
Smooth muscle with epithelial cells.
95
What is the vulva's function?
The external opening of the vagina.
96
What are the parts of the vulva?
Labia and clitoris.
97
What is the location of the urethral tubercle in the female?
Floor of vaginal wall, just craniad to the clitoral fossa.
98
What is an estrous cycle?
The recurring reproductive cycle in many female mammals, including estrus, ovulation, and changes in the uterine lining.
99
What functions does the estrous cycle serve?
Ovum development, uterine preparation, and breeding readiness.
100
What is one estrous cycle?
From 'heat to heat'.
101
What controls when and for how long an estrous cycle can be?
External stimuli (circadian rhythm and outside temperature) and the hypothalamus (hormone GnRH).
102
What is the adenohypophysis?
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
103
What releases FSH?
Adenohypophysis.
104
What can be affected by the hormone estrogen?
There can be change in behavior, the reproductive tract, LH secretion and it also inhibits FSH.
105
During an estrous cycle, as we get a decrease in the hormone FSH, what hormone level increases?
LH.
106
When will you see a decrease in FSH and an increase in LH during an estrous cycle?
During ovulation, this will also cause a drop in estrogen levels.
107
What is being inhibited in the corpus luteum?
GnRH, causing there to be a decrease in FSH.
108
What is polyestrous?
Repeated estrous cycles throughout the year.
109
What animals are polyestrous?
Cows, swine and primates.
110
What is seasonally polyestrous?
Estrous cycle continues during season.
111
What animals are seasonally polyestrous?
Horse, cat and sheep.
112
What does it mean to be diestrous?
To have an estrous cycle twice yearly.
113
What does it mean to be monestrous?
Having one estrous cycle a year.
114
What animal is diestrous?
Dog.
115
What animal is monestrous?
Fox and mink.
116
What is the estrous cycle of a ewe?
17 days.
117
What is the estrous cycle of a goat?
21 days.
118
What is the estrous cycle of a sow?
21 days.
119
What is the estrous cycle of a mare?
21 days.
120
What is the estrous cycle of a cow?
21 days.
121
What is the estrous cycle of rodents?
4-6 days.
122
What is the estrous cycle of a dog?
78 days.
123
What is the estrous cycle of a cat?
16 days.
124
What are the 6 stages of the estrous cycle?
Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, anestrus, and interestrous.
125
What are the technical 4 stages of the estrous cycle?
Proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus.
126
During proestrus what happens to the follicle?
There is an increase in size and estrogen levels.
127
What happens during the proestrus stage?
Follicular development, estrogen production begins, lining of tracts begins to thicken and the wall of the vagina will cornify.
128
What happens during the stage of estrus?
Follicle matures, estrogen levels peak, ovulation will occur at the end of this stage, the female will be receptive.
129
What happens during the stage of metestrus?
Corpus luteum begins development, progesterone rises, cows ovulate in this stage, uterine tract is prepared for placental attachment, non-receptive.
130
What happens during the diestrus stage?
Corpus Luteum matures, progesterone levels peak, CL will degenerate if not pregnant, non-receptive.
131
What occurs in the stage anestrus?
Ovarian inactivity and endometrial repair (only occurs in nonpolyestrous animals).
132
How can you recognize what stage of estrous an animal is in?
Through Vaginal cytology.
133
What are the 4 types of cells that can differentiate estrous cycles when conducting a vaginal cytology?
Anuclear, superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells.
134
What are cornified cells?
Anuclear and superficial cells.
135
What are the non cornified cells?
Intermediate and parabasal cells.
136
What kind of cells are present during anestrus stage?
Intermediate and parabasal cells, you may or may not see superficial cells or neutrophils.
137
What cells are present during proestrus stage?
Superficial, neutrophils and bacteria, there is also an increase in RBCs.
138
What cells can be found during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle?
Cornified cells (superficial and anucleate cells).
139
What cells are found during diestrus?
Intermediate and parabasal.
140
What are 2 ways that sperm transportation occurs for fertilization to happen?
Motility and uterine contractions.
141
What causes uterine contractions?
Oxytocin and prostaglandins.
142
What are the 3 parts of fertilization?
Copulation, sperm transport, and capacitation.
143
What helps the sperm penetrate the coverings of the ovum?
Acrosome enzymes.
144
What are the 2 ovum coverings?
Corona radiata and zona pellucida.
145
What is a zygote?
Fertilized egg.
146
What is a morula?
Solid ball of cells.
147
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass.
148
What is the trophoblast?
Cells.
149
What are the 3 parts of fertilization?
Copulation, sperm transport, and capacitation
150
What helps the sperm penetrate the coverings of the ovum?
Acrosome enzymes
151
What are the 2 ovum coverings?
Corona radiata and zona pellucida
152
What is a zygote?
Fertilized egg
153
What is a morula?
Solid ball of cells
154
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass
155
What is the trophoblast?
Cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst
156
What are the 3 layers of the inner cell mass of an embryonic germ cell?
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
157
What will the ectoderm cells become?
The embryos skin and nervous system
158
What will the mesoderm cells become?
Musculoskeletal system and organs of the embryo
159
What will the endoderm cells become?
Inner lining and yolk sac
160
What are the layers of the maternal part of the placental attachment?
Endometrium, connective tissue and endothelium
161
What are the 3 fetal layers of the placental attachment?
Chorionic cells, connective tissue, and endothelium
162
What animals have an epitheliochorial placental attachment?
Cow, horse and pig
163
What animals have an endotheliochorial placental attachment?
Dog and cat
164
What animals have a hemochorial placental attachment?
A rodent and a human
165
What are the 4 types of placentas?
Diffuse, zonary, discoid, cotyledonary
166
What animals have a diffuse placenta?
Horses and pigs
167
What animals have a cotyledonary placenta?
Ruminants
168
What animals have a zonary placenta?
Dogs and cats
169
What animals have a discoid placenta?
Primates, rodents and rabbits
170
What are part of the umbilical cord?
Umbilical arteries (unoxygenated blood, wastes), umbilical vein (oxygenated blood, nutrients) and urachus
171
What are the different fetal membranes?
Yolk sac, amnion, allantois and chorion
172
What is the amnion?
Surrounds fetus
173
What is the allantois membrane?
Used for urachus drainage
174
What are the trimesters of pregnancy?
Embryonic growth, fetal development and fetal growth
175
What is the gestation period of a cat or dog?
59-69 days
176
What is a cattle's gestation period?
271-291 days
177
What is gestation?
Period in which young develop inside the body of the mother
178
What is a horse's gestation period?
321-346 days
179
What is the gestation period of a pig?
110-116 days
180
What happens during parturition?
Change in fetus size and hormones
181
How many stages are there in parturition?
3 stages
182
What happens during the first stage of parturition?
Uterine contractions, cervix dilation, restless/nesting
183
What happens during the second stage of parturition?
Neonate delivery. The water 'breaks'
184
What happens during the 3rd stage of parturition?
Placental delivery
185
What do mammary glands secrete first?
Colostrum
186
How many pairs of teats do cats or dogs have?
4-5 pairs
187
How many pairs of teats do horses/sheep/goats have?
1 pair
188
How many teat pairs do bovine have?
2 pairs
189
How many pairs of teats do pigs have?
7 pairs
190
How are the mammary glands of a cat or a dog identified?
Anatomically, for example farthest cranial teat would be called the cranial thoracic mammary gland
191
What does the internal anatomy of the mammary gland consist of?
Alveoli, lobules, lobes, and glands
192
What is the alveoli of the mammary gland responsible for?
Milk synthesis
193
What hormone do the myoepithelial cells of the alveoli respond to?
Oxytocin
194
What are lobules?
Groups of alveoli
195
What are lobes?
Groups of lobules
196
What are glands in the mammary gland?
Groups of lobes
197
What are some of the contents in colostrum?
Nutrients (protein, amino acids, fat and vitamins), laxative, and immunoglobulins
198
What are the contents of milk?
Proteins, Carbs, Fats, Water, vitamins and minerals
199
What keeps a cow producing milk (milk letdown)?
Stimulus to the mammary gland such as milking or nursing, this will send a signal to the hypothalamus, causing it to release oxytocin which will make the myoepithelial cells to contract
