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Reproductive System > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Budding, gemmules (internal buds), fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

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3
Q

What is budding in asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring is created from the body of the parent.

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4
Q

What is gemmules (internal buds) in asexual reproduction?

A

Parent releases specialized cells that become offspring.

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5
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Asexual reproduction in which a body part is lost and then regenerates into a new organism.

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6
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Unfertilized eggs grow into an individual.

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7
Q

What is theriogenology, and why is reproductive efficiency important?

A

Study of animal reproduction, and because it brings in more money.

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8
Q

What are the 2 associated systems in the reproductive system?

A

Urinary and Endocrine system.

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9
Q

What are the hormones released by the endocrine system in response to the reproductive system?

A

GNRH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, Estrogen/ progesterone, and testosterone.

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10
Q

What releases GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus.

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11
Q

What releases FSH and LH?

A

Adenohypophysis (pituitary gland).

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12
Q

What releases oxytocin?

A

Neurohypophysis (pituitary gland).

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13
Q

What releases estrogen/ progesterone?

A

Ovaries.

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14
Q

What releases testosterone?

A

Testes.

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15
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Haploid cell (sex cell).

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16
Q

What process creates an ovum?

A

Oogenesis.

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17
Q

What produces the male germ cell, spermatozoan?

A

Spermatogenesis.

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18
Q

Germ cells start off as what kind of cells and end up as what type of cells?

A

Begin as diploid cells and through meiosis become haploid cells.

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19
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Continuous production of sperm cells in the testes, more specifically in the seminiferous tubules.

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20
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The production of a fixed number of ovum that develop in the follicle with the resulting haploid cells being 3 polar bodies and one oogonium.

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21
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

Spermatogenesis, deliver to female system and to produce androgens (testosterone).

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22
Q

What are the different anatomical parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and accessory glands.

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23
Q

What is the structure of the testes composed of?

A

Vaginal tunics, a capsule and cellular components.

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24
Q

What are the vaginal tunics in the testes?

A

2 kinds of wrappings around the reproductive cells in the testicle, a parietal and a visceral.

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25
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Capsule that contains septal divisions, it separates the testicle into divisions that contain seminiferous tubules.

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26
Q

What are the 3 cellular components of the testes?

A

Interstitial cells, spermatogonia, and sertoli cells.

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27
Q

What are interstitial cells?

A
  • Lie in the tissue space between seminiferous tubules
  • Make/ release testosterone.
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28
Q

What are spermatogenic cells?

A

Sperm forming cells.

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29
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

‘Nurse cells’ or supporting cells that aid in the production of gametes/ sperm cells.

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30
Q

Walk me through spermatogenesis.

A

Start with spermatogonia, goes through a mitotic division and becomes a spermatocyte that is diploid, then it will divide again and become a secondary spermatocyte that is haploid, then it will divide again and become a spermatid, and then it will go through physical changes and becomes a spermatozoa, these are released into the epididymis.

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31
Q

Under what conditions will allow for spermatogenesis?

A

Testes have to be cooler than the core, which is why they are located in the scrotum, outside of the body.

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32
Q

What is the embryologic location of the testes?

A

Caudal aspect kidney.

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33
Q

What is the name of the attachment from the testes to the scrotum?

A

Gubernaculum.

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34
Q

As the fetal grows, what happens to the testes?

A

They traverse the inguinal rings, through the peritoneal coverings.

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35
Q

What is Cryporchidism?

A

When the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

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36
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

It acts as a temperature regulator using the cremaster muscle and sweat glands.

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37
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

A mechanism the scrotum has for temperature regulation, it can elevate or lower the testes.

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38
Q

How many divisions does the cutaneous sac of the scrotum have?

A

2 divisions.

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39
Q

What is produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone and inhibin (it also produces estrogen, various proteins and fluids).

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40
Q

What is the ductal system?

A

The passage that sperm takes. Starts in the seminiferous tubules, to the rete testis, out the efferent ducts, into the epididymis, and then out to the vas deferens.

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41
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, testicular vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle.

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42
Q

What is the name of the temperature regulating structure located in the spermatic cord?

A

Pampiniform plexus.

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43
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

A network of vessels that helps cool the blood to the scrotum, as well as modifying testosterone to its active state.

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44
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

It acts as the copulatory organ as well as being the common urinary organ.

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45
Q

What are the 3 structural parts of the penis?

A

Crura, body and glans.

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46
Q

What are the 2 types of erectile tissue of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum.

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47
Q

What structure connects the penis to the pelvis?

A

Crura.

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48
Q

What are the functions of the accessory glands in the reproductive system of a male?

A

To produce seminal fluids.

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49
Q

True or false. Both dogs and cats contain seminal vesicles.

A

False. They do not contain seminal vesicles.

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50
Q

True or False. Both dog and cats contain bulbourethral glands.

A

False, only cats have this gland.

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51
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

Perform Oogenesis, receive the male system, and produce female hormones.

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52
Q

What 4 processes vary in reproduction sites in the female system?

A

Fertilization, gestation, parturition, and neonatal nutrition.

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53
Q

What hormones are produced in the female system?

A

Estrogen and progesterone.

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54
Q

What produces estrogen?

A

Follicle cells.

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55
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum cells.

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56
Q

What are the different anatomical parts of the female system?

A

Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, suspension ligaments, cervix, vagina and vulva.

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57
Q

What is the location of the ovaries?

A

Caudal to the kidneys.

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58
Q

True or False. The shape of the ovaries is species dependent.

A

True.

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59
Q

What are the 3 internal structures of the ovaries?

A

Cortex, medulla and hilus.

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60
Q

Explain oogenesis.

A

Watch a video on YouTube to fill this part up.

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61
Q

Explain spermatogenesis.

A

Watch a YouTube video on this to understand it better.

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62
Q

What hormones have an influence on the estrous cycles of females?

A

FSH and LH that are released by the pituitary gland.

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63
Q

What does uniparous mean?

A

Animals that give birth to one animal at a time.

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64
Q

What does multiparous mean?

A

Having more than one child, litter bearing animals.

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65
Q

What does the primary follicle contain?

A

Immature oocyte (ovum) and follicular cells.

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66
Q

As the follicle matures, some cells become what?

A

Granulosa cells.

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67
Q

Why are granulosa cells important?

A

They produce the hormone estrogen.

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68
Q

What does the mature follicle contain?

A

Cumulus oophorus and corona radiata.

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69
Q

What is the empty space of the maturing follicle?

A

The antrum.

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70
Q

What hormone does ovulation react to?

A

LH (both spontaneous and induced types).

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71
Q

What is the corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

The ruptured follicle collapses and the antrum fills with clotted blood.

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72
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Healed yellow portion of follicle, high levels of progesterone, helps with maintain pregnancy.

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73
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Degenerated corpus luteum, scar tissue.

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74
Q

What are the functions of the oviducts?

A

Act as a transport pathway and fertilization site.

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75
Q

What is the structure of the oviducts called?

A

Infundibulum.

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76
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Catches and channels the released eggs.

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77
Q

What are the walls of the oviduct made up?

A

Cilia and smooth muscle to help move the ovum.

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78
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Gestation and parturition.

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79
Q

What species have a bicornuate uterus?

A

Dogs, pigs and cats.

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80
Q

What species have a bipartite uterus?

A

Horse and cow.

81
Q

What type of animals have a simplex uterus?

A

Primates.

82
Q

What species have a duplex uterus?

A

Rabbit.

83
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mural structure in the uterus?

A

Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium.

84
Q

What does the endometrium portion of the mural structure of the uterus contain?

A

Columnar epithelium and tubular glands.

85
Q

What does the myometrium portion of the mural structure contain?

A

Smooth muscle.

86
Q

What does the perimetrium portion of the mural structure of the uterus contain?

A

Visceral peritoneum.

87
Q

What part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovary?

A

Mesovarium.

88
Q

What are the 3 parts of the broad ligaments?

A

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx and mesometrium.

89
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that suspend the reproductive system in place?

A

The round, suspensory and broad ligament.

90
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Control of uterine access and fetal protection.

91
Q

What is the cervix made of?

A

Thick smooth muscle.

92
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

It serves as the female copulatory organ.

93
Q

When would you see dilation of the vagina?

A

During breeding and parturition.

94
Q

What is the structure of the vagina?

A

Smooth muscle with epithelial cells.

95
Q

What is the vulva’s function?

A

The external opening of the vagina.

96
Q

What are the parts of the vulva?

A

Labia and clitoris.

97
Q

What is the location of the urethral tubercle in the female?

A

Floor of vaginal wall, just craniad to the clitoral fossa.

98
Q

What is an estrous cycle?

A

The recurring reproductive cycle in many female mammals, including estrus, ovulation, and changes in the uterine lining.

99
Q

What functions does the estrous cycle serve?

A

Ovum development, uterine preparation, and breeding readiness.

100
Q

What is one estrous cycle?

A

From ‘heat to heat’.

101
Q

What controls when and for how long an estrous cycle can be?

A

External stimuli (circadian rhythm and outside temperature) and the hypothalamus (hormone GnRH).

102
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

103
Q

What releases FSH?

A

Adenohypophysis.

104
Q

What can be affected by the hormone estrogen?

A

There can be change in behavior, the reproductive tract, LH secretion and it also inhibits FSH.

105
Q

During an estrous cycle, as we get a decrease in the hormone FSH, what hormone level increases?

A

LH.

106
Q

When will you see a decrease in FSH and an increase in LH during an estrous cycle?

A

During ovulation, this will also cause a drop in estrogen levels.

107
Q

What is being inhibited in the corpus luteum?

A

GnRH, causing there to be a decrease in FSH.

108
Q

What is polyestrous?

A

Repeated estrous cycles throughout the year.

109
Q

What animals are polyestrous?

A

Cows, swine and primates.

110
Q

What is seasonally polyestrous?

A

Estrous cycle continues during season.

111
Q

What animals are seasonally polyestrous?

A

Horse, cat and sheep.

112
Q

What does it mean to be diestrous?

A

To have an estrous cycle twice yearly.

113
Q

What does it mean to be monestrous?

A

Having one estrous cycle a year.

114
Q

What animal is diestrous?

A

Dog.

115
Q

What animal is monestrous?

A

Fox and mink.

116
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a ewe?

A

17 days.

117
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a goat?

A

21 days.

118
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a sow?

A

21 days.

119
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a mare?

A

21 days.

120
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a cow?

A

21 days.

121
Q

What is the estrous cycle of rodents?

A

4-6 days.

122
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a dog?

A

78 days.

123
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a cat?

A

16 days.

124
Q

What are the 6 stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, anestrus, and interestrous.

125
Q

What are the technical 4 stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus.

126
Q

During proestrus what happens to the follicle?

A

There is an increase in size and estrogen levels.

127
Q

What happens during the proestrus stage?

A

Follicular development, estrogen production begins, lining of tracts begins to thicken and the wall of the vagina will cornify.

128
Q

What happens during the stage of estrus?

A

Follicle matures, estrogen levels peak, ovulation will occur at the end of this stage, the female will be receptive.

129
Q

What happens during the stage of metestrus?

A

Corpus luteum begins development, progesterone rises, cows ovulate in this stage, uterine tract is prepared for placental attachment, non-receptive.

130
Q

What happens during the diestrus stage?

A

Corpus Luteum matures, progesterone levels peak, CL will degenerate if not pregnant, non-receptive.

131
Q

What occurs in the stage anestrus?

A

Ovarian inactivity and endometrial repair (only occurs in nonpolyestrous animals).

132
Q

How can you recognize what stage of estrous an animal is in?

A

Through Vaginal cytology.

133
Q

What are the 4 types of cells that can differentiate estrous cycles when conducting a vaginal cytology?

A

Anuclear, superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells.

134
Q

What are cornified cells?

A

Anuclear and superficial cells.

135
Q

What are the non cornified cells?

A

Intermediate and parabasal cells.

136
Q

What kind of cells are present during anestrus stage?

A

Intermediate and parabasal cells, you may or may not see superficial cells or neutrophils.

137
Q

What cells are present during proestrus stage?

A

Superficial, neutrophils and bacteria, there is also an increase in RBCs.

138
Q

What cells can be found during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle?

A

Cornified cells (superficial and anucleate cells).

139
Q

What cells are found during diestrus?

A

Intermediate and parabasal.

140
Q

What are 2 ways that sperm transportation occurs for fertilization to happen?

A

Motility and uterine contractions.

141
Q

What causes uterine contractions?

A

Oxytocin and prostaglandins.

142
Q

What are the 3 parts of fertilization?

A

Copulation, sperm transport, and capacitation.

143
Q

What helps the sperm penetrate the coverings of the ovum?

A

Acrosome enzymes.

144
Q

What are the 2 ovum coverings?

A

Corona radiata and zona pellucida.

145
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg.

146
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells.

147
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass.

148
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Cells.

149
Q

What are the 3 parts of fertilization?

A

Copulation, sperm transport, and capacitation

150
Q

What helps the sperm penetrate the coverings of the ovum?

A

Acrosome enzymes

151
Q

What are the 2 ovum coverings?

A

Corona radiata and zona pellucida

152
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg

153
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells

154
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass

155
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst

156
Q

What are the 3 layers of the inner cell mass of an embryonic germ cell?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

157
Q

What will the ectoderm cells become?

A

The embryos skin and nervous system

158
Q

What will the mesoderm cells become?

A

Musculoskeletal system and organs of the embryo

159
Q

What will the endoderm cells become?

A

Inner lining and yolk sac

160
Q

What are the layers of the maternal part of the placental attachment?

A

Endometrium, connective tissue and endothelium

161
Q

What are the 3 fetal layers of the placental attachment?

A

Chorionic cells, connective tissue, and endothelium

162
Q

What animals have an epitheliochorial placental attachment?

A

Cow, horse and pig

163
Q

What animals have an endotheliochorial placental attachment?

A

Dog and cat

164
Q

What animals have a hemochorial placental attachment?

A

A rodent and a human

165
Q

What are the 4 types of placentas?

A

Diffuse, zonary, discoid, cotyledonary

166
Q

What animals have a diffuse placenta?

A

Horses and pigs

167
Q

What animals have a cotyledonary placenta?

A

Ruminants

168
Q

What animals have a zonary placenta?

A

Dogs and cats

169
Q

What animals have a discoid placenta?

A

Primates, rodents and rabbits

170
Q

What are part of the umbilical cord?

A

Umbilical arteries (unoxygenated blood, wastes), umbilical vein (oxygenated blood, nutrients) and urachus

171
Q

What are the different fetal membranes?

A

Yolk sac, amnion, allantois and chorion

172
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Surrounds fetus

173
Q

What is the allantois membrane?

A

Used for urachus drainage

174
Q

What are the trimesters of pregnancy?

A

Embryonic growth, fetal development and fetal growth

175
Q

What is the gestation period of a cat or dog?

A

59-69 days

176
Q

What is a cattle’s gestation period?

A

271-291 days

177
Q

What is gestation?

A

Period in which young develop inside the body of the mother

178
Q

What is a horse’s gestation period?

A

321-346 days

179
Q

What is the gestation period of a pig?

A

110-116 days

180
Q

What happens during parturition?

A

Change in fetus size and hormones

181
Q

How many stages are there in parturition?

A

3 stages

182
Q

What happens during the first stage of parturition?

A

Uterine contractions, cervix dilation, restless/nesting

183
Q

What happens during the second stage of parturition?

A

Neonate delivery. The water ‘breaks’

184
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of parturition?

A

Placental delivery

185
Q

What do mammary glands secrete first?

A

Colostrum

186
Q

How many pairs of teats do cats or dogs have?

A

4-5 pairs

187
Q

How many pairs of teats do horses/sheep/goats have?

A

1 pair

188
Q

How many teat pairs do bovine have?

A

2 pairs

189
Q

How many pairs of teats do pigs have?

A

7 pairs

190
Q

How are the mammary glands of a cat or a dog identified?

A

Anatomically, for example farthest cranial teat would be called the cranial thoracic mammary gland

191
Q

What does the internal anatomy of the mammary gland consist of?

A

Alveoli, lobules, lobes, and glands

192
Q

What is the alveoli of the mammary gland responsible for?

A

Milk synthesis

193
Q

What hormone do the myoepithelial cells of the alveoli respond to?

A

Oxytocin

194
Q

What are lobules?

A

Groups of alveoli

195
Q

What are lobes?

A

Groups of lobules

196
Q

What are glands in the mammary gland?

A

Groups of lobes

197
Q

What are some of the contents in colostrum?

A

Nutrients (protein, amino acids, fat and vitamins), laxative, and immunoglobulins

198
Q

What are the contents of milk?

A

Proteins, Carbs, Fats, Water, vitamins and minerals

199
Q

What keeps a cow producing milk (milk letdown)?

A

Stimulus to the mammary gland such as milking or nursing, this will send a signal to the hypothalamus, causing it to release oxytocin which will make the myoepithelial cells to contract

Reproductive System (1 decks)

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