Reproductive

Question 1

Signs suggestive of dystocia in a dog (8)

Answer 1

1. Labour does not begin when expected based on:
   a. Due date: dogs and cats 63-65 days after mating
   b. not observed within 24-36hrs after temperature drop
   c. not observed within 36-48hrs of serum progesterone drop (<6.4 nmo/L or 2 ng/ml)
2. active stage II labour lasting > 4 hours and no fetuses delivered
3. Interval is > 30 min between fetal deliveries with strong signs of myometrial contractions
4. Interval of fetuses is > 2 hours with no myometrial contractions (BEWARE! can be normal; especially if dam is disturbed frequently)
5. Labour lasts longer than 24 hours total (can also be normal in very large litters)
6. Dark green or malodorous discharge prior to delivery of first fetus (premature placental separation)
7. Profuse vaginal bleeding at any stage of labour
   8.Signs of pain (yelping during labour), or shock (e.g. depression, hyperventilation)

Question 2

Signs of fetal stress in dogs:

Answer 2

HR < 220bpm

Question 3

What does a HR < 160bpm indicate

Answer 3

Fetuses likely to die it not delivered within 2-3 hours

Question 4

What fetal HR indicates an emergency c-section?

Answer 4

HR < 140bpm (decision made on the lowest HR)

Question 5

Progesterone’s role in pyometra (4)

Answer 5

During dioestrus:
- endometrial growth
- glandular secretions
- reduced myometrial contractility + cervical closure
- diminishes immune function by decreased neut chemotaxis, phagocytosis and increased endometrial bacterial adherence

Question 6

Ways to differentiate CEH from pyometra

Answer 6

• %band neuts = most Se single measure. 19.9% band neuts is 95% Se and 70% Sp for pyometra
• Circulating prostaglandin F metabolites
• combining above 2 increases Se to 100%
• CRP > 260 + band neutrs > 95% pyometra
• ALKP, more likely pyometra

Question 7

Risk factors for eclampsia:

Answer 7

Excessive pre-partum Ca supplementation:
- inhibits PTH production and causes PT gland atrophy. (also caused by insufficient dietary Mg)
- stimulates thyroid calcitonin, decrease bone absorption

Improper or inadequate perinatal nutrition

Question 8

At what level of iCa does tetany occur?

Answer 8

iCa < 0.6-0.8