Reproductive Flashcards
What is Dysmenorrhea? Describe the 2 types
Painful menstruation.
Primary is due to monthly release of prostaglandins
Secondary is due to pelvic pathological conditions and can occur at any time
What is Amenorrhea? Describe the 2 types and their causes
This is the lack of menstruation.
Primary is no menarche, caused by hypo-pit-ovarian axis disorder
Secondary is stops at least 6 months after it stops. Caused by ovarian, pit, or hypo dysfunction
What is DUB and what does is mean
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Heavy or irregular bleeding without disease
What are anovulatory cycles? What hormones are affected?
Just before menopause or just after menarche. Ovulation is often sporadic
Progesterone is not produced, estrogen is
What is endometriosis? What’s the cause?
Functioning endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. Often in abdominal or pelvic cavities
Not sure of cause, possibly retrograde menstruation
What is retrograde menstruation
This is when blood flows backwards into the Fallopian tubes, and some gets into the body cavities through the opening between the tubes and ovary.
How is cervical cancer caused? How is it found?
Second most common cancer worldwide
Caused almost exclusively by Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Early detection by Pap smears
What are the risk factors of cervical cancer?
Early intercourse, multiple partners, history of STI’s, smoking, and immunosuppression.
Who does endometrial cancer affect? What are the risk factors
Mostly occurs in post-menopausal women
Risk factor is anovulatory cycles or estrogen therapy for menopause symptoms, causing hyperplasia
How is ovarian cancer related to fatality? What percent have early detection? How do you prevent it
Highest fatality of reproductive cancers
Only 20% are found in early detection
More kids = less chance of it.
What is galactorrhea and what causes it
Lactation of non-lactating breast
Caused by hormone imbalance or pit. tumor
Usually benign
What is mastitis?
Inflammation of breast usually due to infection during lactation
What defines a disorder of the milk ducts?
Epithelial tissue tumours that manifest with bloody nipple discharge
What is a fibroadenoma?
Firm, rubbery, sharply defined mass in the breast
1 lump in 1 breast, easily moveable
Seen in women (30-50)
Asymptomatic, surgically removable
What are fibrocystic changes?
Multiple lumps in both breasts
Multiple mobile masses and cysts that are prominent and painful
Where does breast cancer occur
Most common type in women
Occurs mostly in epithelium
Typically in the upper outer quadrant
What are the risk factors of breast cancer
Hormonal changes: length of exposure to estro and progest.
Birth before 18 decreases risk, after 35 increases risk
Breast density- denser has higher risk
What is lobular involution
Starting in 30’s, glandular structures and connective tissues are slowly replaced by fatty tissue
More involution = decreased risk of breast cancer
What is cryptorchidism
Group of anomalies where testis don’t descend properly
May remain in abdomen or partially dropped
What is hydrocele? What are the causes?
Excessive fluid buildup around testis, opposite side of epidydemis.
May be congenital, from injury, infection
What is varicocele
Varicose veins that supply testis, usually left side
What is torsion of the testis? What does this cause?
When the testis rotate/spin, cutting off blood supply
Caused ischemia, pain, and swelling
Must be fixed within 6h to avoid permanent damage.
What does BPH stand for
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
What is BPH? When does it become a problem?
Age related, non malignant enlargement of prostate
Becomes problem if enlargement puts pressure on urethra.
