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Biology 121 > Reproduction System > Flashcards

Reproduction System Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone do testes produce?

A

testosterone

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2
Q

what hormone do ovaries produce?

A

estrogen

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3
Q

when do testes and ovaries begin to develop?

A

in the 7th week of development

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4
Q

what is puberty?

A

the development of the reproduction systems, able to reproduce. the start of producing active reproductive cells.

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5
Q

do male and female reproduction organs from the same tissues in the embryos?

A

yes.

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6
Q

what does the hypothalamus do to begin puberty?

A

signals to the pituitary gland to produce and release increase levels of FSH and LH.

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7
Q

What does FSH and LH do in the male reproductive system?

A

Stimulates the production of testosterone.

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8
Q

what does FSH and testosterone do?

A

they are the cause of the development of sperm.

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9
Q

where do the testes develop?

A

in the abdominal cavity and drop in the scrotum before birth.

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10
Q

what is needed for proper sperm production?

A

lower temp, which is why they are on the outside of the body.

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11
Q

what produces sperm?

A

the seminiferous tubules, which are found in the testes.

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12
Q

in which process is sperm developed in?

A

sperm is created through the process of meiosis.

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13
Q

what are the tree parts of the sperm?

A

the head (nucleus), the mid-piece(mitochondria) and the tail (flagellum)

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14
Q

where do sperm move after being produced in the seminiferous tubules?

A

moved to the epididymis to fully develop.

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15
Q

what does the vas deferens do?

A

connects to the epididymis and merges with the urethra. then sperm is able to be released to the outside of the body.

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16
Q

what are the 3 glands that line the males reproductive tract?

A

seminal vesicle, prostate, Bulbourethral

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17
Q

what are the male reproductive tract glands responsible for?

A

producing seminal fluid.

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18
Q

what are the 2 roles of the seminal fluid?

A

nourish the sperm and protect the sperm against the acidity of the female reproductive system.

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19
Q

sperm + seminal fluid =

A

Semen

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20
Q

how does the penis get ready for sperm delivery?

A

the contraction of muscles.

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21
Q

what does FSH do in the female reproductive system?

A

simulates the ovaries to produce estrogen.

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22
Q

what id the main job of the female reproductive system?

A

produce ova (eggs) and to prepare the body to nourish the development of the embryo.

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23
Q

how many primary follicles are in each ovary

A

400 000.

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24
Q

what are follicles?

A

clusters of cells surrounding an egg.

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25
Q

women are born with thousands of immature eggs (primary follicles) but how many will be released?

A

about 400 eggs will end up being released.

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26
Q

what happens to the follicle under the influence of FSH?

A

the follicle becomes larger and completes meiotic cell division.

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27
Q

what does meiotic cell division do?

A

creates one large egg and 3 polar bodies.

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28
Q

what happens when the follicle has completely matured?

A

the egg that was surrounded by the follicle is released and swept from the ovary into fallopian tube.

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29
Q

what helps the egg to move through the fallopian tube?

A

cilia

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30
Q

where are eggs fertilized?

A

eggs are fertilized while they travel through the fallopian tubes.

31
Q

where is the egg after is has exited the fallopian tube

A

the uterus. if the egg was fertilized it attaches to the wall of the uterus.

32
Q

how is the menstrual cycle regulated?

A

by hormones made in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries.

33
Q

when does the menstrual cycle end?

A

until estrogen production levels decline

34
Q

what is permanent stopping of the menstrual cycle called?

A

menopause

35
Q

what are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase, luteal phase, ovulation and menstration

36
Q

what is the first phase of the menstrual cycle and long does it last?

A

follicular phase and around 10 days.

37
Q

when does the follicular phase begin?

A

when estrogen levels in blood are low, causing the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary to release FSH and LH.

38
Q

what does FSH and LH do in the follicular phase?

A

travels through the blood and stimulates the development of the follicle.

39
Q

what does the developing follicle stimulate?

A

the production and release of estrogen.

40
Q

what does the increase in estrogen cause in the follicular phase?

A

the thickening of the uterus liner in preparation to receive and fertilized egg.

41
Q

what is the second phase of the menstration cycle and how long does it last?

A

ovulation and around 3-4 days

42
Q

what happens in ovulation?

A

the hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to produce more FSH and LH. the increasing of these hormones cause the follicle to rupture and release the matured egg into the fallopian tube.

43
Q

what is the third phase of the menstrual cycle and how long does it last?

A

luteal phase and 7-12 days.

44
Q

when does the luteal phase begin?

A

once the egg is inside the fallopian tube.

45
Q

what happens to the follicle in the luteal phase?

A

turns yellow and is now the corpus luteum

46
Q

what does the corpus luteum do?

A

releases estrogen and progesterone to simulate cell growth and tissue development in the lining of the uterus.

47
Q

when is the greatest chance of the egg gettin fertilized?

A

10-14 days after the last menstrual cycle.

48
Q

what does progesterone do in the luteal phase?

A

causes the blood supply in uterus to increase and stimulate cell and tissue growth/development in the ling of uterus.

49
Q

what happens if the egg was fertilized during the luteal phase?

A

undergo cell division and after several divisions the ball of cells attached to the lining of the uterus.

50
Q

what is the last phase of the menstrual cycle and how long does it last?

A

menstruation and around 3-7 days.

51
Q

why does menstruation occur?

A

if the egg wasn’t fertilized.

52
Q

what happens to the egg during menstruation?

A

passes trough the uterus 2-3 days after ovulation and the corpus luteum starts to dissolve.

53
Q

what role does the corpus luteum play in menstruation?

A

as it dissolving it releases less estrogen estrogen and progesterone causing the lining of the uterus to detach from the uterine wall.

54
Q

what happens a few days after menstruation ends?

A

the estrogen levels in blood are low again and enough to stimulate the hypothalamus to begin the process all over again.

55
Q

what is the egg surrounded by?

A

nutritive cells

56
Q

what is the time limit for sperm to join the egg in order for cenception to take place

A

24 hours or it will dissolve.

57
Q

how much sperm die immediately after entering the women’s body?

A

25%

58
Q

how long can sperm live?

A

28-48 hours.

59
Q

what is the goal of the sperm?

A

to bind and fertilize the egg.

60
Q

what are 5 barriers the sperm has to over come to reach the egg?

A

acidity of the vagina, women’s defense system, downward currant of the cilia, deformed sperm and get get through the mucus.

61
Q

*how many openings does the fallopian tube have and where do they lead?

A

2 and ones leads to the egg and the other to the empty tube.

62
Q

what happens to the sperm after it is inside the egg?

A

looses mid-piece and tail. and genetic material is released.

63
Q

2 weeks after fertilization…

A

grown long and is 1/10th of an inch

64
Q

4 weeks after fertilization…

A

has arm buds, curled and beginning of the eyes

65
Q

5 weeks after fertilization…

A

nose begins to shape

66
Q

6 weeks after fertilization…

A

leg buds, less than 1/2 long, spine is viable, floats in a sac.

67
Q

7 weeks after fertilization…

A

3/4 inch, move hands, defined fingers, inter organs are visible, eye lens

68
Q

8 weeks after fertilization…

A

fingers are clearly seen, toe joints are visible

69
Q

11 weeks after fertilization…

A

embryo is 2 1/2 inches long

70
Q

14 weeks after fertilization…

A

bring hands together and suck thumb

71
Q

15 weeks after fertilization…

A

organs of sense are formed.

72
Q

16 weeks after fertilization…

A

can turn inside mother.

73
Q

18 weeks after fertilization…

A

5 1/2 inched long, eyes are close, but can see, now a fetus.

Biology 121 (2 decks)

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