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AVS Final Exam > Reproduction Physiology > Flashcards

Reproduction Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A

The age at which an animal becomes capable of reproduction

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2
Q

When a female hits puberty she goes into

A

heat (standing heat)

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3
Q

When a male reaches puberty he now has a

A

libido (sex drive)
erection
penetration
ejaculation

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4
Q

What is sexual maturity

A

The age at which animals can reproduce at optimal level

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5
Q

When does a heifer reach sexual maturity

A

15 months

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6
Q

When does a bull reach sexual maturity

A

2-3 months from puberty to sexual maturity

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7
Q

How many cows does a young and mature bull breed

A

Young bull: 15 cows/season
Mature bull: 40 cows/season

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of reproduction

A

Parturition
Gestation
Lactation
Rebreeding
Hormonal Control

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9
Q

Define parturition

A

act of giving birth

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10
Q

Define gestation

A

period of time from mating to parturition

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11
Q

Define lactation

A

period of time producing milk

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12
Q

What is the estrous cycle

A

period of time between (about three weeks for most farm animals)

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13
Q

What are the 5 signs of standing heat

A
  1. Will stand to be ridden (hormones can cause homosexual behavior)
  2. Discharge
  3. Swollen vulva (reddens)
  4. Nervousness
  5. Vocalizes
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14
Q

length of estrous cycle of a cow

A

21 days

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15
Q

length of estrous cycle of a ewe

A

17 days

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16
Q

length of estrous cycle of a sow

A

21 days

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17
Q

length of estrous cycle of a mare

A

22 days

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18
Q

Length of estrus in a cow

A

18 hr

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19
Q

Length of estrus in a ewe

A

30 hr

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20
Q

Length of estrus in a sow

A

60 hr

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21
Q

Length of estrus in a mare

A

7 days

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22
Q

Gestation length of a cow

A

283 days

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23
Q

Gestation length of a ewe

A

147 days

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24
Q

Gestation length of a sow

A

114 days

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25
Q

Gestation length of a mare

A

343 days

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26
Q

Proestrus and estrus is the

A

follicular phase (20% of estrus cycle)

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27
Q

Estrus allows the male to

A

mount

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28
Q

FSH and LH recruit

A

follicles, follicle enlarges & estrogen increases

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29
Q

During estrus, what decreases?

A

estrogen

30
Q

During estrus, LH surge, then

A

ovulation 24-48 hr later

31
Q

During estrus, what is high and what is towards the oviduct?

A

uterine motility is high and contractions toward oviduct

32
Q

During estrus, sperm transport is

A

optimal

33
Q

What increases during estrus?

A

cervical mucus volume

34
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

from ovulation until CL regression
80% of estrus cycle

35
Q

What is diestrus?

A

Longest phase and there is no sexual receptivity

36
Q

During the diestrus stage, ___________ is high, uterus releases _________, _____ is low, ________ _________ is present but regresses at end if female isnt present

A

progesterone is high
uterus releases PGF2a
corpus luteum present

37
Q

What does the diestrus stage end with

A

luteolysis

38
Q

What is flushing?

A

a feeding strategy to increase the ovulation rate which means increase feed intake just prior to estrus

39
Q

What is seasonally anestrus controlled by?

A

photoperiod and temperature

40
Q

When does mares cycle

A

in the spring and conceive before hot summer weather

41
Q

When do ewes cycle?

A

in the fall

42
Q

In ewes what must be present before E2 for behavioral estrus

A

P4

43
Q

What is luteolysis

A

irreversible degeneration of CL

44
Q

When do you want to inseminate an animal?

A

Prior to ovulation

45
Q

In embryogenesis the 1st diploid cell is called a

A

zygote

46
Q

What are morula during embryogenesis?

A

solid, compact mass of 16 or more cells

47
Q

Totipotent (embryogenesis)

A

embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization

48
Q

Blastocyst (embryogenesis)

A

forms after blastomeres undergo compaction
(provides nutrient to embryo)

49
Q

Trophoblast cells (embryogenesis)

A

formed during 1st stage of pregnancy (4 days after fertilization)

50
Q

Trophoblast cells form outer layer of _________ and are a large part of the _________

A

blastocyst
placenta

51
Q

ICM (embryogenesis)

A

inner cell mass or embryoblast
mass of cells inside blastocyst that gives rise to definitive structures of fetus

52
Q

If placentomes do not separate post parturition the animal may have a

A

retained placenta

53
Q

Three parts of the placenta

A

Amnion
Chorion
Allantois

54
Q

What makes up the cows placentome

A

maternal caruncle + fetal cotyledon

55
Q

Stage 1 of Parturition

A

Fetal Adrenal Cortisol released in response to stress
Increase E2 and P4
Placental PGF2a- increase uterine contractions
Cervical pressure- increase oxytocin

56
Q

Stage 2 of Parturition

A

Expulsion of fetus

57
Q

Stage 3 of Parturition

A

Expulsion of Placenta

58
Q

Reproductive Hormones in the Anterior Pituitary

A

FSH & LH

59
Q

Reproductive Hormones in the Hypothalamus

A

GnRH

60
Q

Rep. Hor. in the Ovary

A

Estrogen (E2) and Progesterone (P4)

61
Q

Rep. Hor. in the Uterine

A

Prostaglandin (PGF2a)

62
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of FSH

A

Anterior Pituitary
Glycoprotein
Initiates a new follicular wave

63
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of LH

A

anterior pituitary
glycoprotein
initiates ovulation

64
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of GnRH

A

Hypothalamus
Peptide
signs release of LH & FSH

65
Q

What is the signaling mechanism for FSH & LH to go (the precursor)

A

GnRH

66
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of Estrogen

A

Dominant follicle (ovary)
Steroid
responsible for behavioral signs of estrus and suppresses FSH

67
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of Progesterone

A

Corpus Luteum (ovary)
Steroid
maintains pregnancy

68
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of Prostaglandi n F2a

A

uterus
elicosanoid (UFA derivative)
lyses CL, uterine contractions

69
Q

Origin and Action of Adrenal Cortisol

A

Fetal Adrenal Glands
released from fetus as part of stage 1 of parturition

70
Q

Origin, Structure, and Action of Oxytocin

A

Hypothalamus
Peptide
Uterine contractions, milk letdown

71
Q

What hormone is the milk ejection reflex

A

Oxytocin

AVS Final Exam (5 decks)

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