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AVS Final Exam > Reproduction Physiology > Flashcards

Reproduction Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A

The age at which an animal becomes capable of reproduction

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2
Q

When a female hits puberty she goes into

A

heat (standing heat)

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3
Q

When a male reaches puberty he now has a

A

libido (sex drive)
erection
penetration
ejaculation

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4
Q

What is sexual maturity

A

The age at which animals can reproduce at optimal level

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5
Q

When does a heifer reach sexual maturity

A

15 months

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6
Q

When does a bull reach sexual maturity

A

2-3 months from puberty to sexual maturity

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7
Q

How many cows does a young and mature bull breed

A

Young bull: 15 cows/season
Mature bull: 40 cows/season

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of reproduction

A

Parturition
Gestation
Lactation
Rebreeding
Hormonal Control

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9
Q

Define parturition

A

act of giving birth

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10
Q

Define gestation

A

period of time from mating to parturition

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11
Q

Define lactation

A

period of time producing milk

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12
Q

What is the estrous cycle

A

period of time between (about three weeks for most farm animals)

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13
Q

What are the 5 signs of standing heat

A
  1. Will stand to be ridden (hormones can cause homosexual behavior)
  2. Discharge
  3. Swollen vulva (reddens)
  4. Nervousness
  5. Vocalizes
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14
Q

length of estrous cycle of a cow

A

21 days

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15
Q

length of estrous cycle of a ewe

A

17 days

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16
Q

length of estrous cycle of a sow

A

21 days

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17
Q

length of estrous cycle of a mare

A

22 days

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18
Q

Length of estrus in a cow

A

18 hr

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19
Q

Length of estrus in a ewe

A

30 hr

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20
Q

Length of estrus in a sow

A

60 hr

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21
Q

Length of estrus in a mare

A

7 days

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22
Q

Gestation length of a cow

A

283 days

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23
Q

Gestation length of a ewe

A

147 days

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24
Q

Gestation length of a sow

A

114 days

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25
Gestation length of a mare
343 days
26
Proestrus and estrus is the
follicular phase (20% of estrus cycle)
27
Estrus allows the male to
mount
28
FSH and LH recruit
follicles, follicle enlarges & estrogen increases
29
During estrus, what decreases?
estrogen
30
During estrus, LH surge, then
ovulation 24-48 hr later
31
During estrus, what is high and what is towards the oviduct?
uterine motility is high and contractions toward oviduct
32
During estrus, sperm transport is
optimal
33
What increases during estrus?
cervical mucus volume
34
What is the luteal phase?
from ovulation until CL regression 80% of estrus cycle
35
What is diestrus?
Longest phase and there is no sexual receptivity
36
During the diestrus stage, ___________ is high, uterus releases _________, _____ is low, ________ _________ is present but regresses at end if female isnt present
progesterone is high uterus releases PGF2a corpus luteum present
37
What does the diestrus stage end with
luteolysis
38
What is flushing?
a feeding strategy to increase the ovulation rate which means increase feed intake just prior to estrus
39
What is seasonally anestrus controlled by?
photoperiod and temperature
40
When does mares cycle
in the spring and conceive before hot summer weather
41
When do ewes cycle?
in the fall
42
In ewes what must be present before E2 for behavioral estrus
P4
43
What is luteolysis
irreversible degeneration of CL
44
When do you want to inseminate an animal?
Prior to ovulation
45
In embryogenesis the 1st diploid cell is called a
zygote
46
What are morula during embryogenesis?
solid, compact mass of 16 or more cells
47
Totipotent (embryogenesis)
embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization
48
Blastocyst (embryogenesis)
forms after blastomeres undergo compaction (provides nutrient to embryo)
49
Trophoblast cells (embryogenesis)
formed during 1st stage of pregnancy (4 days after fertilization)
50
Trophoblast cells form outer layer of _________ and are a large part of the _________
blastocyst placenta
51
ICM (embryogenesis)
inner cell mass or embryoblast mass of cells inside blastocyst that gives rise to definitive structures of fetus
52
If placentomes do not separate post parturition the animal may have a
retained placenta
53
Three parts of the placenta
Amnion Chorion Allantois
54
What makes up the cows placentome
maternal caruncle + fetal cotyledon
55
Stage 1 of Parturition
Fetal Adrenal Cortisol released in response to stress Increase E2 and P4 Placental PGF2a- increase uterine contractions Cervical pressure- increase oxytocin
56
Stage 2 of Parturition
Expulsion of fetus
57
Stage 3 of Parturition
Expulsion of Placenta
58
Reproductive Hormones in the Anterior Pituitary
FSH & LH
59
Reproductive Hormones in the Hypothalamus
GnRH
60
Rep. Hor. in the Ovary
Estrogen (E2) and Progesterone (P4)
61
Rep. Hor. in the Uterine
Prostaglandin (PGF2a)
62
Origin, Structure, and Action of FSH
Anterior Pituitary Glycoprotein Initiates a new follicular wave
63
Origin, Structure, and Action of LH
anterior pituitary glycoprotein initiates ovulation
64
Origin, Structure, and Action of GnRH
Hypothalamus Peptide signs release of LH & FSH
65
What is the signaling mechanism for FSH & LH to go (the precursor)
GnRH
66
Origin, Structure, and Action of Estrogen
Dominant follicle (ovary) Steroid responsible for behavioral signs of estrus and suppresses FSH
67
Origin, Structure, and Action of Progesterone
Corpus Luteum (ovary) Steroid maintains pregnancy
68
Origin, Structure, and Action of Prostaglandi n F2a
uterus elicosanoid (UFA derivative) lyses CL, uterine contractions
69
Origin and Action of Adrenal Cortisol
Fetal Adrenal Glands released from fetus as part of stage 1 of parturition
70
Origin, Structure, and Action of Oxytocin
Hypothalamus Peptide Uterine contractions, milk letdown
71
What hormone is the milk ejection reflex
Oxytocin

AVS Final Exam (5 decks)

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