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Secondary 2 Biology > Reproduction in Man > Flashcards

Reproduction in Man Flashcards

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1
Q

Ovary

A

Produce egg, oestrogen and progesterone

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2
Q

Fallopian tube/Oviduct

A

Carries egg from ovary to uterus via peristalsis or cilia

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3
Q

Uterus

A

Allows foetus to develop

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4
Q

Uterine wall

A

Contracts to push baby out during childbirth

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5
Q

Uterine lining (endometrium)

A

Provides nutrients for foetus

Thickens monthly in preparation for implantation

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6
Q

Cervix

A

Holds foetus in the uterus during pregnancy

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7
Q

Vagina

A

Allows sperm to be deposited here during sexual intercourse

Acts as a birth canal

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8
Q

Scrotum

A

Hangs testes outside body to maintain cooler temperature for sperm production

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9
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm and testosterone

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10
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores sperm temporarily

Allows sperm to mature

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11
Q

Sperm duct

A

Conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra

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12
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes alkaline fluid which neutralises the acidity of female reproductive tract

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13
Q

Cowper’s gland

A

Secretes a fluid which nourishes the sperm and stimulates it to swim to fertilise the egg

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14
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Fluid from the prostate gland and Cowper’s gland are ‘mixed’ together to form a fluid called semen

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15
Q

Urethra

A

Conducts semen and urine out of the body

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16
Q

Penis

A

Erectile organ which enters the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse to deposit semen

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17
Q

Acrosome

A

Releases digestive enzymes to digest outer layers of the egg for fertilisation

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains a haploid number of chromosomes (23), so that when it fertilises the egg, the full set of chromosomes is obtained

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy during respiration to swim to egg for fertilisation

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20
Q

Flagellum

A

Lets sperm swim to egg for fertilisation

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21
Q

Male gamete: size

4

A

Head, middle piece, tail
Nucleus has X or Y chromosome
60 micrometers long
Diameter 2.5 micrometer (head)

22
Q

Female gamete: size

3

A

Spherical
Nucleus has only Y chromosome
Diameter 120 to 150 micrometres

23
Q

Male gamete: motility

A

Motile (has a tail)

24
Q

Female gamete: motility

A

Non-motile (cilia and peristalsis)

25
Q

Male gamete: numbers

A

Numbers sperms produced throughout life

Millions sperms released per ejaculation

26
Q

Female gamete: numbers

A

Number of eggs determined at birth (500 per ovary)

One egg released per month

27
Q

Changes in a follicle during menstruation

A
  1. Primary follicle
  2. Secondary follicle
  3. Graafian follicle
  4. Ovulation
  5. Corpus luteum
  6. Corpus luteum breaks down
28
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Releases oestrogen

29
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Releases progesterone and a little oestrogen

30
Q

Oestrogen

A

Triggers repair and growth of the endometrium

31
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains thickness of the endometrium

32
Q

Menstruation

A

28 day cycle

  1. day 1-5: menstruation (i.e. shedding of endometrium)
  2. day 6-13: release of oestrogen (i.e. growth of endometrium)
  3. day 14: ovulation
  4. day 15-28: release of progesterone, prep for pregnancy (i.e. maintenance of endometrium)
33
Q

Fertilisation

A
  1. Sperm releases enzymes to digest outer layers of ovum in Fallopian tube
  2. Sperm nucleus enters and fuses with egg nucleus
  3. Zona reaction (zona pellucida hardens)
  4. Zygote formed
  5. Mitosis (cell division)
  6. Embryo (blastocyst: ball of cells)
  7. Transported down Fallopian tube to uterus (cilia and peristalsis)
  8. Implants into endometrium
34
Q

No fertilisation

A

Menstruation cycle repeats

35
Q

Development of embryo

A

Villi grow from the embryo into the uterine lining , both of which make up the placenta
The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta

36
Q

Why is the foetal blood not continuous with the mother’s blood system?
(2)

A
  1. Blood pressure of mother is much higher

2. Blood group of foetus’s may be different, causing the foetal blood cells to agglutinate

37
Q

Placenta - mother to baby

A

Oxygen, dissolved food substances (i.e. nutrients e.g. glucose, amino acids), antibodies

38
Q

Placenta - baby to mother

A

Waste (e.g. Carbon dioxide, urea)

39
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Attaches foetus to placenta

Transports substances from mother to placenta and baby to placenta for exchange

40
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Shock absorber for mechanical impact

Lubricates birth canal during birth

41
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Process where amniotic fluid is drawn out so that foetal cells can be tested for gender and chromosomal diseases

42
Q

Contraceptives

5 types

A
  1. Hormonal
  2. Mechanical
  3. Chemical
  4. Surgical
  5. Natural
43
Q

Hormonal contraceptive

A

Birth control pills

44
Q 
Mechanical contraceptive
(3)
A

Condom
Diaphragm
Intra-uterine device (IUD)

45
Q

Chemical contraceptive

A

Spermicides

46
Q

Surgical contraceptive

2

A

Tubal ligation

Vasectomy

47
Q

Natural contraceptive

A

Natural family planning

48
Q

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) case study

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

[a virus]

49
Q

Transmission of AIDS

4

A
  1. Blood transfusion
  2. Unsafe sex
  3. Contaminated needles
  4. Mother to foetus via placenta/breast milk
50
Q

Signs and symptoms of AIDS

6

A
  1. Chronic or persistent fever
  2. Sever diarrhoea
  3. Pneumonia
  4. Brain infection
  5. Widespread tuberculosis
  6. Severe weight loss
51
Q

Prevention of AIDS

A
  1. Safe sex
  2. Don’t have sex
  3. Do not abuse drugs
  4. Go to reliable operators if required to do any piercings (ask for disposable instruments/sterilised instruments)
  5. Trace contacts if found HIV positive
52
Q

Treatment/cure for AIDS

A

NO CURE

Anti-viral medication

Secondary 2 Biology (2 decks)

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