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bio igcse 0610 > reproduction in human > Flashcards

reproduction in human Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define reproduction

A

fusion of male gamete cells with female gamete cells to produce biologically non-identical zygote

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2
Q

where are egg cells made

A

ovaries

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3
Q

where are sperm cells made

A

testes

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4
Q

what is the role of sperm duct

A

transfers sperm cells from testis and urine to penis

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5
Q

what is the role of oviduct

A

transfers egg cells to the uterus

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6
Q

what is the role of prostate gland

A

produces semen fluid for sperm to swim in

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7
Q

define ovulation

A

egg matures and travels from ovary to oviduct

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8
Q

how does sperm cells and egg cells divide

A

by meiosis

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9
Q

how does egg cells travel from oviduct to uterus

A

cilia hair sweep it along and muscles in uterus lining wall move it by peristalsis

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10
Q

define ejaculation

A

sperm cells leaving the penis into the vagina

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11
Q

define fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gamete cells

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12
Q

state 3 adapting characteristics of egg cells

A
  1. layer of jelly hardens as soon as fertilisation with a sperm cell takes place to prevent any further fertilisation of another sperm cell
  2. cytoplasm contains an energy store to support a growing embryo
  3. nucleus contains chromosomes for fusion with sperm cells
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13
Q

state 4 adapting characteristics of sperm cells

A
  1. flagellum tail helps cell to move
  2. acrosome contains a lot of enzymes that help it dissolve the jelly surrounding egg cell for fusion
  3. middle piece contains mitochondria to release energy for movement
  4. nucleus contains chromosomes for fusion with egg cell
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14
Q

how does zygote divide

A

by mitosis

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15
Q

state the obvious difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis divides to produce identical cells

meiosis divides to produce non identical cells

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16
Q

state the order of a growing baby in the mother

A

zygote -> embryo -> fetus

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17
Q

where is the site of fertilisation

A

oviduct of the mother

18
Q

where is the site of implantation

A

uterus lining

19
Q

what is the role of placenta

A

allows exchange of substances from the mother’s blood to the baby’s and prevents any mixing between them

20
Q

where is the placenta

A

walls of the uterus

21
Q

what is the role of the umbilical cord

A

transports blood and other substances from the baby to the mother and vice versa

22
Q

how is oxygen, amino acid and glucose is transferred from the mother to her fetus

A

by diffusion from the maternal’s blood to the baby’s

23
Q

how is carbon dioxide, urine and toxins transferred from the fetus to the mother

A

by diffusion from the baby’s blood to the maternal

24
Q

what is the membrane surrounding the fetus called and what is its function

A

it is the amnion, it releases amniotic sac which supports and protects the baby from bumping into the mother and prevents it from getting dry

25
Q

list the stages of birth in order

A
  1. Amniotic sac breaks
  2. Muscles in the uterus wall contract
  3. Cervix dilates (gets wider)
  4. Baby passes out through the vagina
  5. Umbilical cord is tied and cut
  6. Afterbirth is delivered
26
Q

state 4 points of what a pregnant woman should include in her diet + give reasons for each point

A
  1. calcium - growing bones of fetus
  2. iron - producing haemoglobin in rbcs of fetus
  3. extra carbs - needs more energy to move due to the presence of fetus inside her
  4. extra protein - to develop cells for the growing fetus
27
Q

state 3 points of what a pregnant women should avoid doing + give reasons for each point

A
  1. smoking - carbon monoxide and nicotine can diffuse into the fetus’ blood which can cause slow growth or low birth weight
  2. drinking alcohol - also diffuses to the fetus blood and can cause brain damage
  3. prevent catching some illnesses like rubella - also diffuses to the fetus blood
28
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding

A 
\+ 
1. mother-baby bond
2. transfers antibodies to the baby 
3. consists of the exact right amount of nutrients for each growing stage of the baby
4. its free 
- 
mother does not have time for herself
it is painful for the mother
29
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of bottle-feeding

A

+
1. anyone can feed the baby, allows father-baby bond
2. mother has more time for herself
-
1. if equipments are not sterilised carefully, it’s easy for the baby to get infected
2. it’s expensive

30
Q

list the order of stages of menstrual cycle

A
  1. walls of uterus thickens
  2. egg matured and released to oviduct
  3. by the time the egg reaches the uterus and it is not fertilised it is lost through the vagina along with uterus lining as it is no longer needed
  4. uterus lining begins to build up again for the next month period
31
Q

state 3 secondary sexual characteristics of a boy

A
  1. facial hair and pubic grows
  2. voice breaks
  3. muscles develop
32
Q

state 3 secondary sexual characteristics of a girl

A
  1. pubic hair grows
  2. breasts develop
  3. hip widens
33
Q

what is the male sex hormone called + where is it made

A

testosterone, in testes

34
Q

what is the female sex hormone called + where is it made

A

oestrogen, in ovaries

35
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

ovaries

36
Q

where is FSH and LH produced

A

pituitary gland

37
Q

what are the roles of FSH and LH

A

secrete oestrogen to keep the uterus lining thick

38
Q

what is the role of oestrogen

A

thickens the walls of uterus

39
Q

state the order of release fo the 4 hormones in women

A
  1. follicle is developed inside ovaries
  2. follicle stimulates production of FSH
  3. follicle secretes oestrogen
  4. when follicle grows completely, LH is secreted (ovulation takes place)
  5. follicle stops secreting oestrogen and turns to a corpus luteum
  6. corpus luteum secretes progesterone instead
  7. FSH and LH stops secreting
40
Q

what is the role of progesterone

A

maintains thick walls of uterus

bio igcse 0610 (1 decks)

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