Reproduction Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteriuria =
A
bacteria in urine (true infxn or asymptomatic colonization)
2
Q
Pyuria =
A
pus in urine (inflammation or infxn)
3
Q
“Significant” bacteriuria =
A
≥10^5 CFU/mL (definition for research purposes, need clinical judgement to dx UTI if < 10^5)
4
Q
Dysuria =
A
pain/burning with urination (often after peeing)
5
Q
Lower UTI =
A
bladder infxn (cystitis) or urethra infxn (urethritis)
6
Q
Urethritis =
A
can be due to chemicals, trauma, infxn, etc (not necessarily = infxn)
7
Q
Pyelonephritis =
A
inflamm. of renal pelvis (upper UTI)
8
Q
Acute urethral syndrome =
A
symptoms of UTI (frequency, urgency, dysuria), but no apparent source of infxn (some are just < 10^5 CFU/mL, some are just unknown bug)
9
Q
Placenta Definition:
A
Temporary organ connecting mother/fetus providing respiratory + renal functions
• Composed of chorionic villi sprouting from chorion
• Villi provide ↑ surface area for blood exchange
10
Q
Ectopic Pregnancy Definition:
A
Implantation of placenta in any non-intrauterine location
• Most common site is fallopian tube (90%)
11
Q
Spontaneous Abortion ~ “Miscarriage” Definition:
A
Pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation
12
Q
Twin Placentas + Twin-Transfusion Syndrome
Definition:
A
- Dichorionic Diamnionic (Di-Di)
- Monochorionic Diamnionic (Mono-Di)
- Monochorionic Monoamnionic (Mono-Mono)
• Monochorionic placentas = monozygotic twins
• 1 vs. 2 amnions determined when splitting occurs
13
Q
Placental Infection: HEMATOGENOUS Definition:
A
Hematogenous (transplacental) infection
• Recall: placental is ↑ vascularized
14
Q
Placental Infection: ASCENDING ~ Acute
Chorioamnionitis Define:
A
Ascends from Vagina
• Polymicrobioal with vaginal flora bacteria
• Associated with pre-mature rupture of membranes
• Also called intra-amniotic infection
15
Q
Hydatidiform Mole Definition:
A
Abnormal fertilization –> abnormal gestation
16
Q
Choriocarcinoma Definition:
A
Malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells
17
Q
Ovarian Torsion Definition:
A
Twisting of ovary on ligamentous support —> obstruct venous drainage + blood supply —> ischemia —> infarction of ovary
18
Q
Appendicitis Definition:
A
Inflammation of appendix from normal flora overgrowth trapped by occluding fecalith
• Associated with ↓ fiber diet
19
Q
Volvulus Definition:
A
Twisting of colonic segment on its mesentery —> obstruction + dilation + ischemia —> Infarction
Dynamic condition: can twist/untwist; with untwisting it can release colonic bacteria into blood —> Sepsis
20
Q
Diverticulitis Definition:
A
Inflammation of a transmural outpouching of colonic mucosa due to perforation +/- abscess
21
Q
Preeclampsia Definition:
A
Systemic syndrome with widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction with triad of: • Hypertension • Edema • Proteinuria
22
Q
HELLP Definition:
A
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelets
23
Q
Oligohydraminos Definition:
A
Deficiency in amniotic fluid.
• Also called “Potter Sequence”
24
Q
Amniotic Bands Definition:
A
Mechanical fibrotic lesions causing limb structures +/- amputations
25
Umbilical Knots Definition:
Cause fetal demise especially in 2nd trimester with ↑ fetal pulling/movement
• True Knots: cord tied up
• False Knots: hyper/hypocoiling
26
Placental Abruption Definition:
Bleeding at decidual-placenta interface causing partial or total placental detachment before delivery
27
Emboli Definition:
Life threatening obstetric emergency from acute cardio-pulmonary failure
• Pulmonary vasospasm
• Hypertension
• RH Heart failure
===> Diffuse Alveolar Damage, DIC, Hemorrhage
28
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Definition:
Myocarditis resolving spontaneously (1/3) or leads to dilated cardiomyopathy (2/3)
29
46 XX Disorders sex development (DSD) Definition:
Female internal genitalia with over-virilized external female genitalia
30
46 XY DSD Definition:
Males with under-virilized genitalia
31
Ovotesticular DSD (ODSD) Definition:
ODSD ~ Both Ovarian + Testicular Tissue
| Various combinations of gonads
32
Gonadal Dysgenesis Definition:
Typical gonad replaced by Dysgenic Gonad or “Streak Gonad” ---> Pure (Complete) or Partial Gonad Dysgenesis
Dysfunctioning gonads mainly composed of fibrous tissue, hence the name streak gonads.
33
Common Morality Definition:
Consists of a set of agreed upon moral rules. Medical ethics is the application of common morality the doctor patient relationships
34
Ethical Values Definition:
Broad terms for all ethical considerations in doctor patient relationship. Other words: rights, rules, duties, virtues, principles.
35
Beneficence Definition:
Well being of persons is promoted
36
Nonmalefesence Definition:
Do no harm
37
Compensatory Justice Definition:
Law type; person who wrongfully suffered should be compensated
38
.Distributive Justice Definition:
Allocation of resources; distribution of good/bad for benefit of all of community (ex: organs to different centers)
39
Adrenarche Definition:
Activation of adrenal cortex for production ---> adrenal androgens
a) Occurs before onset of puberty
b) Only adrenals have enzyme: DHEA ---> DHEAS*** (Important in pubertal sequence)
40
Gonadarche Definition:
Activation of gonads by FSH/LH --->
41
Pubarche Definition:
Appearance of pubic hair
42
Thelarche Definition:
Appearance of breast tissue
43
Menarche Definition:
Age of onset of first menstrual period
44
Spermarche Definition:
Age of onset of first ejaculation (nocturnal/urine)
45
Precocious Puberty Definition:
Onset of secondary sexual development before 8 y/o (girls); 9 y/o (boys)
46
McCune-Albright Syndrome Definition:
Gonadotropin-mediated precocious puberty
| Triad: Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia + Cafe-Au-Lait Spots + Precocious Puberty
47
Delayed Puberty Definition:
Partial/complete lack of secondary sex characteristics (14 in boys; 12 in girls)
48
Gender Definition:
Behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with an individual’s sex. Important Point: Gender and Sex are the same for most people.
49
Transgender Definition:
Gender identity differs from sex at birth
| “Woman trapped in man’s body” / “Man trapped in a woman’s body”
50
Transvetite Definition:
Person derives pleasure from dressing in clothes appropriate appropriated for opposite sex.
51
Sexual Orientation Definition:
~ Sex to Whom One is Attracted
1. Definitions
a) Heterosexual ~ “Straight”
b) Homosexual ~ “Gay, lesbian, queer”
c) Bisexual
52
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Definition:
Definition: ↑ / ↓ Bleeding OR ↑ / ↓ Intervals
53
Anovulation Definition:
↑ Estrogen stimulation w/out counteractive effect
| of progesterone phase
54
Inadequate Luteal Phase Definition:
Corpus luteum doesn’t mature ---> no progesterone secretion ---> unbalanced estrogen stimulation
55
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Definition:
Menstrual irregularity + ↑ Androgens
| MCC of anovulation in reproductive years
56
Endometriosis Definition:
Glands + Stroma Outside Uterus
| Professor Hint: emphasize both glands + stroma!!
57
Erectile Dysfunction Definition:
Sustained inability to achieve or maintain erection of sufficient turgidity for intercourse
• Sustained = not single event
• Turgidity = expression of penile rigidity (“hard”)
• Tumescence = engorgement; ↑ girth (“fat”)
58
Infertility Definition:
One year of unprotected intercourse without conception
| >35 y/o: 6 months of unprotected sex w/out conception
59
Breast Pathology Disorders of Development
| Definition:
Usually congenital defects in breast development
60
Acute Mastitis Definition:
Acute infection of breast associated with 1st month breastfeeding.
61
Gynecomastia Definition:
hypertrophy/hyperplasia of male breasts
62
Fibrocystic Changes Definition:
Non-proliferative ( ↓ cancer risk) breast changes
• “Fibro-” ~ inflammation ---> fibrosis
• “Cystic” ~ focal areas of dilated ducts
63
Sclerosing Adenosis Definition:
Proliferative breast disease without atypia.
| Proliferation of ductal epithelium +/- stroma without loss of architecture associated with atypia.
64
Large Duct Papilloma Definition:
Proliferative breast disease without atypia.
↑ mass with ↓ vasculature --> hemorrhagic necrosis
***serous/bloody discharge***
65
Atypical Ductal / Lobular Hyperplasia Definition:
Proliferation breast disease with atypia.
| “Atypical” ~ non-malignant, but concerned.
66
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia ~
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
67
Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia ~
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
68
Fibroadenoma Definition:
Benign intralobular stromal neoplasm; 2 CELL
| TYPES (Normal EPITHELIUM + neoplastic STROMA)
69
Phyllodes Tumors [Cystosarcoma Phyllodes] Definition:
Benign intralobular stromal neoplasm (2 cell type)
• Recur
• +/- frankly malignant
70
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Definition:
Limited to glandular component; will NOT
involvement stroma;
ONE CELL TYPE (***Prof. Hint)
71
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ Definition:
Lobular Cancerization of Ducts
72
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Definition:
Ascending inflammation: Polymicrobial > Individual Bug
73
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasm [HPV + Related Diseases] Definition:
CIN represents spectrum of intraepithelial atypia
• CIN 1: mild dysplasia CiN 1 = LSIL/LGSIL
• CIN 2: moderate dysplasia
• CIN 3: severe dysplasia CIN 2+3 + CIS = HSIL/HGSIL
• Carcinoma in Situ
74
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Definition:
Invasive neoplasm of epithelial origin.
75
Menopause Definition:
Natural loss of gonadal estrogen/progesterone production
76
Endometrial Hyperplasia Definition:
↑ gland/stroma ratio from ↑ gland proliferation
77
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Definition:
Basically, previous hyperplasia ---> touching glands ---> form glandular structure ---> Endometriod Adenocarcinoma
78
Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumors [Carcinosarcoma] Definition:
endometrial adenocarcinoma + stromal malignancy
79
Leiomyoma [Benign] Definition:
Benign smooth muscle neoplasm ~ “Fibroids”
80
Leiomyosarcoma [Maignant] Definition:
Malignant smooth muscle neoplasm
81
Surface Epithelium [Mullerian Epithelium] Tumors Definition:
* Serous Tumors, Mucinous, Endometriod Tumors
| * Transitional Cell Tumors (Brenner Tumor)
82
Serous Tumors Definition:
Large white/tan fleshy tumor w/papillary projections/friability + cystic areas
Tall columnar ciliated/non-ciliated epithelial cells filled with serous fluid
83
Mucinous Tumors Definition:
Can be HUGE.
Tall columnar epithelium with apical mucin + absent cilia
Form sticky, getlatinous glycoprotein-rich fluid
84
Endometriod Tumors Definition:
Endometrial Adenofibromas
| Distinguished from serous / mucinous by presence of tubular glands
85
Brenner Tumors definition:
Transitional Cell Adenofibromas
| Nests of transitional epithelium as seen lining the bladder; contain mucinous glands at the cent
86
Hypospadias + Epispadias [Congenital] Definition:
Abnormal urethral openings on dorsal (epispadias) or ventral penis (hypospadias)
87
Condyloma Acuminatum [Benign Neoplasm] Definition:
Benign sexually transmitted tumor ~ Common Wart HPV 6, 11
88
Phismosis Definition:
Inability to Retract Foreskin ---> Repeated bouts of inflammation ---> scarring of preputial (“prepuce”) ring
89
Carcinoma in Situ [PreMalignant / Malignant]
| Definition:
Bowen’s Disease + Erythroplasia of Queyrat
| HPV 16
90
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Definition:
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin
| HPV 16 + 18 (50% of cases)
91
Cryptorchidism Definition:
Undescended Testes; MC UNILATERAL
92
Vascular Torsion Definition:
Twisting of spermatic cord --> obstructed venous
| drainage --> Venous Stasis
93
Seminoma Definition:
Curable w/Chemo
| MC germ cell tumors (50%); 30 y/o man (almost never infants)
94
Embryonal Carcinoma Definition:
More aggressive than seminomas
| Hemorrhagic mass
95
Yolk Sac Tumor (Endodermal Sinus Tumor) Definition:
MC germ cell in infants; if adult presentation look for other germ cell tumor
+ Schiller Duval Bodies & Alpha-Fetoprotein
96
Choriocarcinoma Definition:
VERY aggressive tumor; ↑↑ vascularized
tumors ---> Bleeding
Mixed pattern of cytotrophpoblast + syncytiotrophoblast ---> ↑HCG; used as a tumor marker
97
Teratoma Definition:
* Pure form in children; mature OR immature
| * Represents multiple germ layers (2/3)
98
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Definition:
UTI Club (E. Coli, Enterococci, Staph) catches a ride with urine reflux up to the prostate
99
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Definition:
UTI Club with history of chronic UTIs by same organism
100
Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis Definition:
Presentation similar to Chronic Bacterial without UTI history; ? bugs = Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, CT
101
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Definition:
Hyperplasia of glands + stroma (≠ hypertrophy)
102
Adenocarcinoma PROSTATE Definition:
Unknown interplay between Androgen, Genetics &
Environment
MC Cancer in MEN
103
Menopause Definition:
One year without menses from no estrogen
104
Perimenopause Definition:
45-55 w/symptoms (transition)
105
Postmenopause Definition:
>55; concerned w/bleeding
106
Premature Ovarian Failure Definition:
Menopause < 40 y/o
107
Estrone =
“Extragonadal Estrogen” ---> peripheral tissue (aromatase) = Main Menopausal Hormone
108
Endometrial carcinoma Definition:
Malignant epithelial neoplasm of the uterine lining
Two biologically distinct types:
type 1 = endometrioid (grade 1 or 2)
type 2 = endometrioid (grade 3) or serous or mucinous or etc.
109
Uterine Cervical Carcinoma Definition:
Malignant epithelial neoplasm, usually squamous cell carcinoma, of the lower opening of the uterus
110
Ovarian carcinoma Definition:
Malignant epithelial neoplasms arising from the surface of the ovary.
3 most common types = serous (75%), endometrioid (10%), mucinous (10%)
111
Urinary Incontinence Definition:
Involuntary loss of urine that is sufficient enough in frequency and amount to cause physical and/or emotional distress for the patient.
112
Intimate partner violence (IPV) Definition:
Occurs between 2 people in a close relationship; IPV includes current and former spouses and dating partners
113
Domestic violence (DV) Definition:
Behaviors used by one person in a family relationship to control another; DV includes married or not married, heterosexual, gay, lesbian, living together, separated or dating
114
Family Violence (FV) Definition:
Violence between generations of relatives or pseudo relatives
115
Linea Nigra Definition:
A brownish black pigmented line following the
| midline of the abdomen, may become evident.
116
Diastasis Recti Definition:
Separation of the rectus muscles at the midline of the abdomen, may be noticeable in the later trimesters of pregnancy.
117
Decidualization =
- happens during the luteal phase of every menstrual cycle
- allows efficient placentation (access to maternal blood), restricts trophoblast invasion, provides nutrients
- stromal cells surrounding spiral arteries become increasingly eosinophilic & enlarged
118
Decidual reaction:
happens when the blastocyst implants in the uterus
119
Prostate Cancer =
malignant epithelial neoplasm of prostate gland.
120
Penile Carcinoma =
malignant epithelial neoplasm of the penis, generally squamous cell type
