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reproduction and puberty Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of reproduction

A

The creation of offspring by an organism

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2
Q

What is the male sex cell

A

the sperm

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3
Q

what is the male sex hormone

A

testosterone

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4
Q

what produces testosterone and sperm

A

the testes

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5
Q

What are the the testes contained in

A

the scrotum

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6
Q

Why are the scrotum at a lower temperature than the rest of the body

A

to keep the sperm fertile and so they don’t die.

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7
Q

What is the epididymus

A

a muscular coiled tube where sperm are stored

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8
Q

Where are sperm stored

A

the epididymus

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9
Q

What is the sperm duct

A

the thing that transports sperm to the penis

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10
Q

What transports sperm to the penis

A

The sperm duct

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11
Q

What adds fluid to the sperm

A

the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle

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12
Q

What is the job of the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle

A

To add fluid to sperm

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13
Q

What do you call the mixture of fluid and sperm

A

semen

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14
Q

What is semen

A

The mixture of fluid and sperm

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15
Q

Where do semen and urine leave the penis

A

The urethra

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the penis

A

to pass urine out of the body and to pass semen into the woman’s vigina

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17
Q

What is the vulva

A

the outermost part of the female reproductive system where the urethra is found

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18
Q

Where is the urethra found

A

The vulva

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19
Q

What is the vagina

A

a muscular tube which leads from the cervix into the woman’s body

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20
Q

What is the cervix

A

a ring of muscle at the lower end of the utterer which keeps the baby in the womb when the woman is pregnant.

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21
Q

What is the Uterus/womb

A

Where the fertilised zygote will develop.

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22
Q

What is the oviduct/Fallopian tube

A

The tube which the egg passes through from the oviduct.

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23
Q

What is the ovary

A

Where unfertilised eggs are stored

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24
Q

what is the female sex cell

A

the egg

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25
Q

What is another name for a sex cell

A

a gamete

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26
Q

What is another name for a fertilised egg

A

a zygote

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27
Q

Name the different parts of the egg cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane, protective layer

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28
Q

name the different parts of the sperm cell

A

the head, nucleus, cell membrane, middle section, tail

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29
Q

What is the journey of a sperm

A

1) the sperm travels through the sperm duct. 2) sperm combine with fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicle to make semen. 3) During sexual intercourse, the sperm navigate through the female reproductive tract, which includes the uterus, vagina, cervix and oviduct. 4) The sperm travel through the cervix and the lower part of the cervix. There will not be many sperm as the white blood cells will try to kill the sperm. 5) Sperm enter the uterus where they may encounter an egg. 6) If there is an egg, the sperm continue down the oviduct, where fertilisation occurs

30
Q

What is the cervix

A

the small gap separating the vagina and the Uterus.

31
Q

Which animals typically use external fertilisation

A

Fish, and amphibians

32
Q

Which animals use internal fertilisation

A

mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.

33
Q

What is external fertilisation

A

fertilisation that occurs outside of the females body. The male releases sperm onto the egg cells after the female has dropped them

34
Q

What is internal fertilisation

A

fertilisation that occurs inside the female.

35
Q

What is parental care

A

parental care is any kind of behavour pattern in which a parent invests time or even energy in feeding and protecting its offspring

36
Q

In which type of fertilisation are the eggs produced in large numbers

A

External

37
Q

which type of fertilisation is used by sea animals

A

external

38
Q

which fertilisation has only a few eggs being produced

A

internal

39
Q

which type of fertilisation is used by land animals

A

internal

40
Q

which type of fertilisation means the sperm may get eaten by predators

A

external

41
Q

which method of fertilisation has a better chance of the offspring surviving

A

internal

42
Q

What is courtship

A

courtship is the behaviour of animals, most often males, attracting a mate

43
Q

What is courtship needed for

A

to reproduce and ensure the survival of a species
to identify members of the same species
to synchronise mating to increase the chances of gametes fertilising

44
Q

What is parental care

A

the non-genetic contribution by a parent that increases the fitness of an offspring and occurs after giving birth.

45
Q

What changes happen to both boys and girls during puberty

A

underarm hair grows
pubic hair grows
body smell gets stronger
emotional changes occur
growth rate increases
voice breaks
hips get wider

46
Q

What changes happen to only boys during puberty

A

testes and penis get bigger
testes start to produce sperm
shoulders get wider
hair grows on face and chest
can impregnate a woman

47
Q

What changes happen to only girls during puberty

A

breasts develop
ovaries start to release eggs
periods start
can have a baby

48
Q

Which day does the period start

A

Day 1 of 28

49
Q

how many days are in a period

A

28-35

50
Q

When does the ovary release the egg

A

day 13-14

51
Q

When does the lining of the uterus get thicker

A

day 8

52
Q

Which days can fertilisation occur

A

days 15-18

53
Q

what are the stages of human fertilisation

A

gamete, zygote, embryo, fetus, baby

54
Q

Can a woman have a baby while she is pregnant

A

no

55
Q

What happens to the lining of the uterus if an egg is not fertilised

A

it bleeds out of the vagina

56
Q

how long does a period last

A

3-5 days

57
Q

Which days is a woman most fertile

A

days 14 and 15

58
Q

When does the egg die if it is not fertilised

A

day 17

59
Q

What is puberty

A

Puberty is the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

60
Q

what is pregnancy

A

the time spent carrying the offspring in the womb

61
Q

what is the gestation period

A

the time in which the baby develops, from conception to birth

62
Q

What is fertilisation

A

the fusing of an egg and a sperm cell in the oviduct to create new, unique life

63
Q

the does the embryonic period end and the foetal period begin

A

week 8

64
Q

when is the brain fully created

A

weeks 13-16

65
Q

When do foetus’s hand, foot and finger prints develop

A

Weeks 20-24

66
Q

When does the brain start developing rapidly

A

weeks 25-28

67
Q

When is there a 95% chance the baby will be born

A

weeks 29-32

68
Q

what is amniotic fluid

A

The liquid which cushions the foetus

69
Q

What is a placenta

A

A temporary organ which gives water, oxygen and nutrients to the foetus and removes waste products

70
Q

What is the umbilical cord

A

the tube which connects the fetus and the mother and brings a supply of nutrients, oxygen, water and food, and removes waste products. It links the mother and her developing baby.

71
Q

What are the 6 stages of labour

A
  1. The muscular uterus walls begin to contract.
  2. The contractions becomes stronger and the cervix muscle starts to relax.
  3. At some stage the amnion breaks and the fluid comes out of the vagina.
  4. Once the cervix is 10cm dilated the strong contractions begin to push the baby out.
  5. The baby comes out head first, the umbilical cord is tied and cut.
  6. About half an hour after the baby is born the placenta breaks away and passes out of the vagina.
72
Q

When is the baby approximately meant to be born

A

At about 9 months (40 weeks) the baby is ready to be born

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