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Animal Management > Reproduction and disease > Flashcards

Reproduction and disease Flashcards

1
Q

Multi Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET)

A
  • 5 week ovulation programme
  • hormone manipulation (ESH)
  • Increasing the number of eggs produced by one donor
  • Inseminating to produce embryos
  • Embryo Transfer:
  • Fertilised egg removed from donor (adult or younger) and placed into recipient (surgically performed by flushing)
  • Implantation
  • Surgically or via Vagina - cervix - uterus route
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2
Q

Juvenile In Vitro Embryo Transfer (JIEVET)

A
  • Eggs taken from young (2-4 months old)
  • Superovulation
  • Flushing
  • Insemination outside the animal and incubated for 4 days
  • Implantation to surrogate
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3
Q

Cloning

A
  • Can clone elite individuals for use in industry
  • little improvement in genetics
  • higher vulnerabilities to the same pathogen
  • cloned offspring are often abnormal
  • Dystocia
  • Abortion rates increased
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4
Q

Semen Sexing

A
  • Little difference of genetic gain

* Commercial production efficiency gains drastically

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5
Q

Transgenic animals

A
  • Gene from one animal incorporated int genome of another through micro injections or nucleus transfer
  • expression pf certain traits: wool, meat, milk
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6
Q

Hormones

A
  • Oestrus synchronisation and oestrus detection
  • shortens intervals and synchronises events
  • sponges and injections
  • Artificial lighting, nutrition, exposure to male
  • PMSG (Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotrophin)
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7
Q

What are specific management practices designed for?

A
  • To maximise the reproductive process and allows animals to produce at their highest quality.
  • More animals will be born healthy and raised successfully
  • Examples: evaluating animals for breeding readiness, proper male - female ratios , and proper reproductive success
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8
Q

Reproductive diseases can either be infectious or …?

A

Venereal

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9
Q

How are venereal diseases transmitted and how will an outbreak occur?

A
  • Sexually transmitted
  • A male mating with multiple females
  • If equipment used for AI or assisted technologies isn’t properly cleaned before being re-used
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10
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by and how are they spread?

A
  • Pathogens e.g. bacteria and parasites

* Spread without sexual contact and can affect all animals

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11
Q

What is the result of an infectious disease in reproductive animals?

A
  • Abortion
  • Infertility
  • Disrupted reproductive cycles
  • Other abrasive effects
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12
Q

Why it is important that farmers and producers take proper precautions and treat (if necessary) diseases?

A
  • The animals will not be as successful in producing offspring and the farmer will loose money and business.
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13
Q

Darwins theory was based on variation, inheritance and natural /sexual selection. What have breeding technologies changed that too?

A

*Variation - Inheritance - epigenic effects (non genetic)

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14
Q

What breeding technologies/methods are used?

A
  • Reproductive breeding
  • AI
  • JIVET
  • MOET
  • Semen sexnig
  • Hormones
  • Cloning
  • Genetic manipulation
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15
Q

How is the semen collected in AI and then inseminated into the females?

A
  • Electro ejaculation
  • Artificial vaginas
  • Masturbation/milking
  • Rectal palpation
  • Insertion of straw or catheter
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16
Q

What factors need to be considered when managing breeding?

A
  • Proper male-female ratio
  • not enough could lead to all the females becoming pregnant at the same time
  • males have not got enough time rest and recover between each mating
  • too many males could lead aggressiveness and cause injures (natural instinct to want to pass on genes)
  • Age
  • use older and younger males - allows younger males to develop and increase breeding efficiency
  • Natural systems
  • males are housed with females and mate naturally. males detect oestrus and mate
  • Managed mating
  • prevents males living with females, humans must detect oestrus and put animals together or use AI, may use a ‘teaser’ animal, ultrasound, hormone monitoring. Might follow up with natural breeding afterwards
17
Q

A physiological evaluation of animals is taken place to determine whether they are ready to enter the breeding programme. What does this include?

A

*Age
- must mature before reproductive system becomes active.
To young = physical injury, weak offspring, dystocia, poor mothering skills, shortened reproductive life span. Need to consider age and both birth and conception.
*Development
- bodies must be developing properly to take place in a breeding programme
* Weight and BCS
- over weight = do not conceive easily
- not enough muscle and fat - not able to dedicate enough energy to reproduction
* Physical health
* Genetic and physical fitness (breed, appearance, conformation, bloodlines, no abnormalities, genetic diseases or traits - tested?, behaviour and personality)
* Genetic fitness ( is the dam genotyped for: scrapie, inverdale gene, myostatin, cold tolerance, resistance to foot-trot, dermatosparaus gene (poor collagen)

18
Q

Give some examples of infectious diseases and where they come from?

A
  • Bacteria, Protozon, Fungi, Parasite, piron, Virus

* People, wildlife, water, livestock and pets, food and forage, vehicles, tools and equipment, pests and vectors

19
Q

What must you monitor the prevent disease?

A

Identify disease — Take action to treat individual — Take action to prevent disease spread

  • Individual animals health and welfare
  • Group or herds health and welfare
  • Actions to prevent spread to other groups or locations (Disease outbreak prevention)
  • Identify husbandry, reproduction, genetic problems and address them
    Identify bio security breaches
20
Q

What are non-infectious diseases caused by?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Injury and trauma
  • Reproductive disease
  • Behavioural/mental disease
  • Cancer/tumours
  • Genetic
  • Organ failures
21
Q

Name 8 physical signs that an animal is sick?

A
  • Physical injuries
  • Discharge
  • Lack of appetite
  • Bloated
  • Weight loss
  • Moving, standing, posture
  • Faeces - diarrhoea, straining
  • Urination - straining, blood
22
Q

Name 8 behavioural changes an animal might show if they are sick?

A
  • Demeanour (personality)
  • Subdued, excited, lethargic
  • Unusually vocal or quiet
  • Kicking side or stamping feet
  • Agitated
  • Sweating or shivering
  • Excessive licking or grooming
  • Head swinging, teeth grinding
23
Q

Despite behavioural and physical signs that an animal is sick. What other factors could determine whether an animal is sick or not?

A
  • Environmental temperature
  • Weather
  • Change in enclosure, diet or husbandry
  • Social group
  • Date last animal was added to the group
  • Reproductive history
  • Other animals showing signs
  • Medical history
24
Q

What actions must be taken if an animal is unwell?

A
  • Close observations at least once a day by suitably qualified staff
  • Notified immediately if animal is unwell or dead - nature of concern, when started and actions taken (records)
  • Routine health checks
  • Routine laboratory diagnostics
  • Post - mortem examination
  • Laboratory investigation of infectious diseases
25
Q

What is disease?

A

An impairment of the normal state of living animals or one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the vital functions. A response to environmental factors to specific ineffective agents, to inherit defects of the organism. A combination of:

  • infectious
  • nutritional
  • toxic
  • Physical - trauma
  • congenital
  • development
  • immunologicall
  • neoplasia
26
Q

What 5 factors can help prevent health problems?

A
  • Vaccinations
    • routinely
    • in response to an outbreak
  • Parasite control
    • endoparasites
    • exoparasites
    • environmental management
  • Nutrition
  • Environment
    • bio security
    • pasture management
    • hygiene
  • Routine procedures:
    • sheering
    • feet trimming
    • castrations
    • tail docking
    • physiotherapy
27
Q

Name 4 key bacterial diseases?

A
  • Mastitis
    - Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma bovis, Strepococous uberis
  • Foot-rot
    • Dichelobacter nodosus, Fubsobacterium necrphroum
  • Reproductive
    • Campylobacter foetus, Brucella, pasturella, Escherichia coli, staphs and streps
  • Respiratory
    • mannheimia heamolytica, Pasteurella mutlocida, heamophilus somnus
28
Q

Name 2 types of bacteria and how do you distinguish the two? (Lab Diagnostics)

A
  • Gram Positive - holds the stain

* Gram negative - does not hold the stain

Animal Management (2 decks)

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