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A Level Biology Edexcel > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gamates?

A

Reproductive cells: They carry half the normal chromosome number
Two gametes fuse during sexual reproduction

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2
Q

What is meant by the term fertilization?

A

The fusion of nuclei of two gametes to form the nucleus of a zygote

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell formed by the fusion of two gamates

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4
Q

Which gene on the Y chromosome determines sex?

A

SRY gene

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5
Q

What is the biological meaning of the word “sex”?

A

The absence or presence of the SRY gene found on the Y chromosome. Males have XY chromosomes and fem ales have XX.

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6
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The process of gamete production

In mammals, eggs cells are produced by oogenesis and sperm cells are produced by spermatogenesis

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7
Q

Where are the male and female gametes produced?

A

gonads

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8
Q

Whats ht name for the female gonads and gametes?

A

Ovaries and Ova

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9
Q

What the name for the male gonads and gametes?

A

Testes and Spermatoza

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10
Q

Phases off gametogenesis

A

Multiplication
Growth
Maturation

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11
Q

What is meant by Germinal Epithelium?

A

A single layer of epithelial cells that under goes regular mitosis, producing other cells.

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12
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

When the follicle cells around the oocyte become one fluid-filled sac.
Contains secondary oocyte, layers of follicle cells and fluid.
It is from the Graafian follicle that the secondary oocyte is released during ovulation. The remaining sac develops into an endocrine gland called corpus luteum.

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13
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The endocrine gland that is created from the follicle carrying the secondary oocyte, after the oocyte is released during ovulation.

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14
Q

Ouline the sequence oof events during oogenesis

A
  • Oogonia grow to become oocyte
  • Oocyte becomes surrounded by a layer of follicle cells called the primary follicle
  • Meiosis I is completed and the secondary oocyte and the polar body are created. The polar body is broken down
  • Secondary oocyte begins Meiosis II butt doesn’t not complete it unless fetilisation occurs.
  • Secondary oocyte is paused at prophase of meiosis II and carried in a Graafian follicle
  • Follicle bursts and releases eggs
  • Remains of the follicle become the corpus luteum
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15
Q

In the secondary oocyte, what are the cortical granules?

A

Vesicles around the outside of the cytoplasm - play an important role in insuring that only one sperm fertilizes the egg.

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16
Q

In the secondary oocyte, what’s the zona pellucida?

A

A ‘jelly coat’ of glycoprotein between the oocyte and follicle cells.

17
Q

What is a seminiferous tubule?

A

Site of sperm production in the testes

18
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

They are found in the testes, around the seminiferous tubules and they nourish sperm as they mature.

19
Q

What are the three main sections of a sperm cell? And what’s their function?

A

Head - To carry a haploid nucleus and an acrosome
- About 5um long
Middle - Packed with mitochondria
- About 3um wide
Tail - Contains microtubules for motility
- About 50 um long.

20
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Changes to the head of the sperm, making it fully capable of fertilization. This process occurs within a few hours of the sperm entering the uterus.

21
Q

What are the processes of capacitation?

A
  1. The cell surface membrane of the sperm head is stripped of the glycoproteins it acquired during its time in the epididymis
  2. The acrosome reaction occurs. The acrosome swells and fuses with the cell surface membrane, releasing hydrolytic enzymes… The exposed remains of the membrane around the acrosome fuse with the cell surface membrane of the secondary oocyte.
22
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

One event during capacitation where the acrosome releases it hydrolytic enzymes into the zona pellucida and its cell surface membranes become capable of fusing with the cell surface membrane of the secondary oocyte.

23
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

When cortical granolas are released from the oocyte, this causes the zona pellucida to harden, preventing entry of other sperm cells.

24
Q

What is the zygote?

A

The fused sperm and egg

25
Q

What is a cleavage division?

A

Cell divisions between fertilization and the uterus.

26
Q

New cells produced immediately after fertilization are called:

A

Blastomeres

27
Q

What are blastomeres

A

Cells formed by cleavage divisions of the zygote as its is moved down the viaduct.

28
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

A fluid-filled ball of cells (blastomeres) form by the repeated cell division of a zygote. Formed about 4-5 days after fertilization.

A Level Biology Edexcel (5 decks)

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