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HUBS 192 > REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

REPRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

GONADS

A

organs where gametes/sex cells are produced. (testes/ovaries)

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2
Q

GAMETES

A

sex cells (spermatozoa, oocytes)

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3
Q

where is the pelvis ansd what is it it made from?

A

bony basin between trunk and lower limbs.

  • hip bones, pubis, ischium
  • pelvic inlet (larger) always open
  • pelvic outlet (smaller) closed by muscles
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4
Q

what is the differencde between the pelvic inlet and outlet?

A
  • pelvic inlet (larger) always open

- pelvic outlet (smaller) closed by muscles

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5
Q

what are the 2 pelvic subdivisions?

A
  1. false/greater pelvis - gi tract, superior region, above pelvic inlet.
  2. true/lesser pelvis - inferior region, between inlet and outlet, contains internal repro organs
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6
Q

what does the false pelvis contain and what does the pelvis contain?

A

false/greater - gi tract

lesser/true - internal repro organs

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7
Q

what are the differences between male and female pelvics?

A

female - broaders angle, oval inlet, straighter coccyx.

male - narrow angle, heart shaped inlet, curved coccyx.

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8
Q

wsi the pelvic floor?

A
  • closes over pelvic outlet
  • 2 muscles (levator ani, coccygeus)
  • opeinging in floor incl urethra, anal canal, vagina
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9
Q

what are the two triangles in the perineum?

A

the urogenital - external genitalia/urethra

the anal - anus

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10
Q

what is the path of sperrm?

A

testes - through epididymis - into vas deferens - which goes through the pelvic cabity, widens into amupulla, then into ejactulatory duct, then into the urethra.

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11
Q

what does the scotum contain?

A

2 testes
2 epididymis
2 spermatic cords, which contains the start of the vas deferens, blood supply, nerves.

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12
Q

TESTES:

A

produce sperm, testosterone and inhibin
lie in scrotum outside body
surrounded by dense fibrous capsule (tunica albuginea)
in lobules are seminferous tubules when spermatogenesis takes place.

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13
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

in the seminferous tubules in the lobules of the testes in the scrotum.

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14
Q

describe how the seminferous tubules lead to the vas deferens:

A

the lobules contains the tubules join to form rete testes, which join to form vas deferens leading to epididymis.

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15
Q

who many lobules are in each teste?

A

250

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16
Q

what produces testosterone?

A

interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells.

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17
Q

what produces inhibin?

A

nurse/sertili cells

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18
Q

as sperm cells mature they move:

A

closer to the lumen where they are eventually released.

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19
Q

what is the epididymus and what happens there?

A
  • head/body/tail
  • sperm enters from the seminferous tubules and exits via the vas deferens
  • site of sperm maturation
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20
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A
  • continues from the epididymus, starts in spermatic cord
  • covered in smooth muscle
  • runs behind the urinary bladder
  • dilates to form ampulla
21
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

fromed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of thr vas deferens.
- opens in the prostatic urethra.

22
Q

what are the three sections of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic, membranous, penile/spongy
23
Q

how does the epithelium change down the male urethra?

A

transitional, columnar, stratified squamous.

24
Q

what are the 2 sphincters in the male urethra?

A

external - skeletal muscle, voluntary control of urination
internal - detrusa muscle. closes bladdder ensuring sperm is ejaculated through the urethra. retrograde ejaculation is stopped by this sphincter so that sperm doesnt end up in the bladder.

25
Q

what temp do the testes need to be kept at?

A

34 degrees

26
Q

what is the scrotum lined with?

A

detrusa muscle

27
Q

how does the scrotum keep the testes cool?

A

the cremaster muscle contracts to pull testes up to save heat, and for protection during sex. the contraction wrinkles or unwrinkles the skin to change the surface area for heat exchange.

28
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A

the start of the vas derens

the blood vessels, venous plexus, nerves and lymphatics.

29
Q

what is the structure of the penis?

A

cylindrical organ - root/bulb, body, glans covered in prepuce/foreskin. the ventral surface is the underside.

30
Q

what are the 3 erectile tissues that the penis contains?

A

2 x copora cavernosa - main erectile tissue, dorsal

1 x corpus spongiosum - forms bulb and glans, ventral.

31
Q

what are the three glands that produce seminal fluid and how much?

A

seminal vesicles - 60%
prostate gland - 30%
bulbourethral gland - 5%

32
Q

what does the seminal fluid provide the sperm with?

A

transport, energy, nutrients, protection against acidity, activiation.

33
Q

what does the seminal vesicle provide the sperm with?

A

60% of the seminal fluid, alkaline pH to protect the sperm against acidic environment in the urethra and vagina

34
Q

what does the prostate gland do?

A

produces 30% of seminal fluid which is slightly acidic and contains Prostate specific antigen that contributes to sperm activiation, viability, and motility.

35
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

produces 5% of the seminal fluid. Secretes fluid to neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejaculation.
2 glands in urogential diaphragm which open into spongy/penile urethra.

36
Q

what percentage of semen is sperm?

A

5%

37
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

making a male sterile by cutting the vas deferens before it reaches the ampulla so that the seminal fluid that is released during ejaculation does not contain sperm.

38
Q

what form do cells need to be in for gametogenesis?

A

haploid (23 ch)

39
Q

what is the basics of meiosis?

A 
46 chromosomes (diploid). there are two cycles of cell division to produce gametes
meiosis one - one diploid cell produces 2 haploid cells
meiosis two - each cell  divides into 2 haploid cell with 23 chromosomes.
40
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

fromation of male gamete in the process by which sperm is changed from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa. this occurs in the seminferous tubules.

41
Q

what are the rough stages of spermatogenesis:

A

spermatogonia divides by mitosis into 2 daughter diploid cells. one stays at the basement membrane of the tubule. the other differentiates to a primary spermatocyte (diploid) which undetgoes meiosis 1 to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid). these undergo meiosis 2 to form spermatids (haploid) which differentiate into spermatozoa with head/body/tail. the spermatozoa is released into the lumen.

42
Q

acrosome:

A

sack of enzymes on the head of sperm. very important in penetrating the egg during fertilisation.

43
Q

what happens to the spermatotid during spermiogenesis?

A

its nucleus becomes condensed and the acrosome forms.

44
Q

what are the male repro hormones?

A

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus. stimulates the release of LH and FSH.
LH - lutenising hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituatry gland
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the ant pit gland.

45
Q

what is a gonadotrophin?

A

hormone that acts on the gonads.

46
Q

what is inhibin?

A

from nurse (sertoli) cells. regulates spermatogenesis

47
Q

what is testosterone?

A

produced by the interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells (found outside the seminiferal tubules). type of androgen

48
Q

what is the negative feedback loop for male hormones?

A

LH stimulates production of testosterone
FSH and Test control spermatogenesis
FSH stims inhibin production, and inhibin then suppresses FSH.
test then suppresses LH and GnRH

49
Q

which hormones control spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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