Reproduction Flashcards
What is puberty?
Developmental stage characterized by transition from sexual immaturity to maturity
Adrenarche
Increase in androgen hormone production by adrenal cortex
Thelarche
Development of breast tissue
Menarche
Fist Menstrual Cycle
Spermarche
First Sperm Production
Pubarche
Pubic Hair Development
What is normal age range for females to undergo puberty? What are the secondary sexual characteristics?
Age Range: 10-14
Secondary Sexual Characteristics: breast and alveolar development
What is normal age range for males to undergo puberty? What are the secondary sexual characteristics?
Age Range: 11-16
Secondary Sexual Characteristics: penile growth and pubic hair development
What are important things you need in an OB/GYN history?
- Menstrual History (age of menarche, duration, flow, cycle length, and last menstrual period)
- Breast History
- Last mammogram and pap smear
- Previous GYN surgeries
- History of infertility
How do you document obstetrical history?
Normally: GxPx (G = number of pregnancies, P = number of viable births/offspring?)
Thorough GxPtpal
t: term deliveries > 37 weeks
p: preterm deliveries: 20-37 weeks
a: abortion <20 weeks
l: live delivery regardless of gestational age
Example: G5P3114
- 5 pregnancies
- 3 term deliveries
- 1 preterm delivery
- 1 abortion
- 4 live delivery (aka she has 4 kids)
Also include: method of delivery, age of delivery, any maternal/fetal/delivery complications
What should be included in contraceptive/sexual history?
- Contraceptive method
- Currently Sexual active or not
- Number of partners last year or lifetime
- New partner in last 3 months
- Condom Use
- History of sexual abuse
During what age range do you conduct pap smear?
Women ages 21-65
How often do you conduct pap smear?
Every 3 years if normal pap smear
Every 5 years if normal pap smears + negative HPV testing
Annually if abnormal pap smear
Can stop after age 65 or hysterectomy for noncancerous reasons
When do you order mammogram?
Women at age 50
Earlier for those at high risk
What is a pap smear?
Papanicolaou test to screen for cervical cancer (normally from HPV strains)
Sample taken form ectocervix, endocervix, transformational zone, squamocoluman junction
Which part of the cervix is most like to have precancerous lesion and cancers?
Transformational zone
What is the difference between pelvic exam and pap smear?
Pelvic Exam is more comprehensive: internal and external genitalia
- Visual inspection
- Bimanual exam: insert finger in vagina and use other hand to palpate uterus and ovaries
- STI swab
- cervical motion tenderness
What are symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?
Abdominal or pelvic pain with vaginal bleeding
Pregnancy related symptoms: breast tenderness, nausea
What are symptoms of UTI?
Dysuria
Urinary Frequency and Urgency
Suprapubic pain
Hematuria
E. coli most common cause
Check for costovertebral angle (Lloyd’s Pouch)
How often do you screen for Prostate Specific Antigen?
Not recommended to screen regularly!
Only in patients with family history of prostate cancer or showing signs
What consists of a male genital exam?
Only perform one based on history and CC
- Inspection of scrotum, penile shaft, glans, inguinal region
- Palpate penile shaft and scrotum
- Retract foreskin
- Palpate inguinal region and examine for hernias
What type of cancer is most in young males common?
Testicular Cancer
yay sam for taking care of himself
What are symptoms of hernia?
Pain with increased intra-abdominal pressure
-Palpable bulge affected side
Which STIs are bacterial?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Which STIs are viral?
Herpes simplex 2
Human papilloma virus
Hepatitis B and C
HIV/AIDS
*basically if it starts with ‘h’
What happens if STIs are left untreated?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Upper genital tract infections Infertility Chronic Pelvic Pain Cervical Cancer Chronic Infections
How do you treat an STI?
Antibacterials and Antivirals Behavior counseling (safe sex practices, stress condom use, etc)
How does gonorrhea present in males and females?
Males: Penile discharge and dysuria (can be asymptomatic)
Females: Pelvic pain or mucopurulent vaginal discharge
Complications: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, scarring of fallopian tube (infertility)
How does chlamydia present in males and females?
Mostly asymptomatic
Males: Penile discharge, pruritus, and dysuria
Females: vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, dysuria
Complications: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, scarring of fallopian tube (infertility)
How does syphilis present?
Primary: chancre (painless genital ulcer)
Secondary: Joint pains, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, mucopapular rash
Latent Phase: Asymptomatic
Tertiary: Neurosyphilis (confusion, headache, stiff neck, vision less)
How does genital herpes present?
Single or clusters of vesicles on genitalia
Burning, tingling, pain prior to vesicle appearance
Complications: meningitis, PID, hepatitis, increase risk of HIV infection
How does trichomonasis present?
Protozoa STI
Males: mostly asymptomatic (small percentage will have penile discharge)
Females: foul smelling or purulent vaginal discharge, vaginal pruritus, dysuria
How does HPV present?
Genital warts
Complications: cancer of oropharyngeal region or lower genital tract
