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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of oestrous cycle does a cow have?

A

Polyoestrous

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2
Q

What is a polyoestrous oestrous cycle?

A

Occurs regularly throughout the year

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3
Q

What hormones are high and low in the follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen is high, progesterone is low

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4
Q

Describe when the luteal phase begins including hormones involved and duration of cycle.

A

Begins after ovulation. Corpus luteum develops. High progesterone low oestrogen. Ends with luteolysis. 80% of cycle.

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5
Q

What is the duration of oestrous cycle in cow?

A

21 days

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6
Q

Which of the following is correct? Ovulation occurs ___ after onset oestrous.

a) 14- 20 hours
b) 24 -30 hours
c) 34-40 hours

A

b) 24-30 hours

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7
Q

How long does oestrous last in the cow?

A

18 hours

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8
Q

Do you know the hormones endocrinology of the bovine oestrous cycle?*

A

See graph on lecture notes

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9
Q

How long does it take for us to be able to see follicles in ultrasound?

A

7 days (follicles >3mm)

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10
Q

Define luteolysis. What happens with hormones at this stage?

A

Decomposition/lysis of corpus luteum. Decline in progesterone. Oxytocin.

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11
Q

What hormones and events are associated with parturition initiation?

A

Fetal cortisol is main trigger. Leads to oestrogen, PGF2 alpha & relaxin release. Oxytocin stimulation (pressure, contractions).

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12
Q

What time is normal for placenta expulsion?

A

12 hours

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13
Q

How long does it take for the uterus to repair after parturition?

A

30 days (reduce size, sloughing, re-epithelialisation, bacteria removal)

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14
Q

When is optimum fertility achieved post partum?

A

60-90 days

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15
Q

What factors determine the fate of preovulatory follicle if it will ovulate or become atretic? *

A

Decreased LH = atretic (starves)

Surge LH = ovulation then develop into CL.

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16
Q

Which of the following endocrine changes within circulation best describes changes around parturition?

a) Increase cortisol, decline progresterone, increase oestrogen, PGF2alpha & relaxin
b) Increase cortisol, progesterone & oestrogen, decrease PGF2alpha & relaxin
c) Decline in cortisol, progesterone, oestrogen, PGF2alpha & relaxin
d) Increase cortisol, progesterone, oestrogen, PGF2alpha & relaxin
e) Decline in cortisol, oestrogen and increase progesterone, PGF2alpha & relaxin.

A 
a)
Increase cortisol
Increase oestrogen 
Decrease progesterone
Increase PGF2alpha (E2 stimulated) 
Increase relaxin
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17
Q

A new wave of follicular development in ruminants begins with recruitment. Which accurately explains the concentrations of hormones in recruitment?

a. ) High FSH, low LH, low oestrogen, low inhibin
b) Low FSH, high LH, low inhibin and oestrogen
c) Low FSH, moderate LH, low inhibin, moderate oestrogen
d) Low FSH, high LH, inhibin and oestrogen
e) High FSH, high LH, high oestrogen, high inhibin

A 
d)
High FSH 
High LH 
High Oestrogen 
High inhibin 
*Remember need high LH to grow. FSH, E2 and inhibin decreases as it grows.
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18
Q

Which day of the oestrous cycle does luteloysis occur?

A

Day 16-18

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19
Q

How many follicluar waves do you normally expect to see in an oestrous cycle in a cow?

A

2-4

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20
Q

What is the interval between LH surge and ovulation?

A

24-28 hr

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21
Q

What is the interval from oestrous to ovulation?

A

24-32 hr

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22
Q

What is the average oestrous duration in the cow?

A

10 hours usually

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23
Q

Why would the gestation length of a calf with a malformed small brain be longer?

A

Smaller adrenal glands (not as much cortisol secretion to stimulate parturition).

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24
Q

Why is heat detection so important?

A

Economic cost.
Rely on 1 calf per year.
Correct insemination

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25
Q

What is the major sign used to detect oestrous in cow?

A

Cow standing allowing to be mounted.

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26
Q

List some secondary signs of oestrous behaviour other than being mounted.

A 
Mounting others. 
Vulval discharge
Restlessness
Sniffing
Licking
Chin resting 
Poor milk let down
Rub marks
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27
Q

How would you describe a SAG?

A

Sexually active group.

Group of cows mounting.

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28
Q

What will the concentrations of P4, E2, LH & FSH be during oestrous?

A

Low progesterone
High oestrogen
Increase pulses LH
Increases FSH with LH

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29
Q

What are some factors affecting oestrous behaviour?

A 
Number of cows in oestrous 
Environment
Stress
Lameness
Moving animals
Climate
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30
Q

What is silent heat?

A

Cow in oestrous but not being mounted.

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31
Q

How can we improve heat detection?

A

ID, record keeping, behaviour, heat detection aids, train staff, nutrition.

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32
Q

What are some advantages & disadvantages of tail paint?

A

Cheap, easy to apply along the tail.

Needs to be reapplied every 5-7 days.

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33
Q

What is Kamar?

A

Rump mounted oestrous detection device. (pressure pushes red fluid through)
Adhesive.
Can get false positives (rubbing on branches etc), expensive.

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34
Q

What is Estrus alert?

A

Scratchie like rump mounted oestrous device.

Falls off, difficult to interpret.

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35
Q

Why would you use a pedometer to detect oestrous?

A

Walking activity peaks during oestrous.

Very expensive. Walking to the dairy

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36
Q

What does a high level followed by low level of progesterone concentration indicate?

A

Cow gone from dioestrous into oestrous.

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37
Q

What is a submission rate?

A

% of cows submitted for AI.

Higher rates = better oestrous detection.

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38
Q

What is the target submission rate?

A

For year round herds = 73%

Split calving herds = 86%

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39
Q

You are evaluating reproductive performance in seasonal calving dairy herd. 69% cows submission rate. What should the % be? What are some causes of this rate? How would you fix it?

A

Should have 86% submission rate.
Low submission rate from poor oestrous detection, poor nutrition, non-cycling cows.
Use heat detection aids, progesterone (milk sample), AI feel cervix.

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40
Q

What are some advantages & disadvantages of AI?

A

Adv: genetics, disease control, choice, safety
Disadv: cost, management, skill, reduce repro performance.

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41
Q

Define conception rate

A

% oocytes during oestrous that are fertilised.

=no. inseminations causing pregnancy x 100 / no. inseminations

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42
Q

What is in calf rate?

A

% animals diagnosed pregnant.

eg. 6 week in calf rate - % cows diagnosed pregnant first 6 weeks breeding.

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43
Q

Where do you deposit semen in AI?

A

Body of uterus

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44
Q

What is impact of fertility inseminating too far past cervix and uterus?

A

Reduced - all semen deposited only in one horn.

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45
Q

What are some diseases bulls must be free of?

A

Tuberculosis
Johne’s
Lepto

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46
Q

How many times can you collect semen from a bull per week?

A

3 times per week

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47
Q

What is the average sperm amount and volume of bull semen?

A

Volume 4mL

0.5 to 4 billion sperm

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48
Q

How much semen does frozen straws carry?

A

Depends on if they’re 1/2mL or 1/4mL (most common).

16 straws from one semen sample.

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49
Q

What is the effect of dose of sperm on pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy rate increases until reaches a threshold.

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50
Q

What is minimum amount of sperm per insemination required?

A

5-10 x 10^6 live sperm

Double the amount for frozen sperm (assume 50% die)

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51
Q

What is the minimum standard sperm post thawing?

A

30% sperm alive and 30% of these alive sperm progressively motile.

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52
Q

What is the risk of splitting straws to reduce insemination costs?

A

You are halving the dose of sperm from 5-10 x 10^6 to whatever dose you get. Also risk sperm settling to bottom - inseminating ejaculatory fluid only.

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53
Q

What is the optimum time for AI?

A

4-14 hours post onset of oestrous

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54
Q

How do we know when to AI if we don’t have good ONSET of oestrous detection?

A

Inseminate cows then when oestrous is detected at all.

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55
Q

What temperature should frozen semen be maintained at?

A

-100 degrees Celsius

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56
Q

What happens if sperm is not kept frozen at -100 degrees C?

A

Get recystalisation and damage to sperm membranes

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57
Q

How do we thaw frozen samples?

A

Remove then AI within 15 mins.

Put in water bath 32deg for 30-60sec.

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58
Q

Why do we synchronise oestrous?

A

Use of AI.
Reduce need for oestrous detection.
Shorten calving to conception interval.

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59
Q

Define an ideal oestrous synchronisation treatment.

A

High response.
Precise synchrony.
Eliminates behavioural oestrous detection.
Economical.

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60
Q

What do we need to synchronise oestrous? (Think in the cow).

A

Decline progesterone.
Preovulatory LH surge.
Follicles at similar stages.
Follicles normal fertility.

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61
Q

How do we start synchronisation of oestrous treatment?

A

Synchronise new wave emergence via induce atresia OR ovulation (depending on follicle).
Atresia - oestrogen & P4
Ovulation - GnRH

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62
Q

What happens when cows are treated with progesterone and oestrogen at the same time?

A

Atresia of growing follicles.

3-4d later get new wave emergence.

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63
Q

Why would we treat cows with GnRH?

A

Cause ovulation.

Get CL formation and new wave emergence 1-2 d later.

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64
Q

How do we end synchronisation of oestrous treatment?

A

Synchronise the decline in progesterone.

Give PGF2 alpha.

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65
Q

How do we ensure synchrony continues once we have synchronised oestrous?

A

Can synchronise preovulatory LH surge to induce ovulation.

Give oestrogen OR GnRH OR eCG.

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66
Q

What is the risk of giving eCG to induce ovulation?

A

Increased twinning rate

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67
Q

Why do we restrict dominance of follicle before AI?

A

Want oocyte at optimum fertility. Do this by giving progesterone to limit length.

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68
Q

How do we ensure optimum progesterone concentrations post ovulation?

A

Induce ovulation at adequate fertility.

Give eCG.

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69
Q

Put the following in the correct order:

  • synchronise P4 decline
  • synchronise new wave emergence
  • get optimum progesterone concentrations
  • ovulate oocyte with optimum fertility
  • synchronise preovulatory LH surge
A
  • Synchronise new wave emergence
  • Synchronise P4 decline
  • Synchronise preovulatory LH surge
  • Ovulate oocyte optimum fertility
  • Get optimum P4 concentration
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70
Q

What are the 3 different synchronization protocols?

A

PG programs
Progestns
GnRH based systems

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71
Q

Why administer PG during synchronisation?

A

Induce luteolysis.

Only works in cows that have CL.

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72
Q

What are some advantages & disadvantages of PG program?

A

Adv- easy admin, variety, fertility, economical.

Disadv- only CL present, not in non-cycling cows, health issues

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73
Q

What are Closprostenol (Juramate) & Dinoprost (Lutalyse) examples of?

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha commercially available.

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74
Q

Why is there variation into oestrous from PGF2alpha admin?

A

Depends on follicle stage.

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75
Q

When do you give PG when doing a one shot protocol?

A

5-7 days

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76
Q

How many days interval do you wait to administer PG for PG synchrony program?

A

14 day interval.

So give PG then wait 14 days then PG the detect oestrous & AI.

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77
Q

What precautions should you take when using PGF2alpha to synchronise oestrous?

A

Abortion in pregnant cows.

Health/safety issues to humans - respiratory, abortion, asthma.

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78
Q

At what stage of cycle is PGF2alpha most likely to cause luteolysis?

A

Day 5-18 of cycle

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79
Q

What % of cows in randomly cycling group would you expect to enter oestrous after PGF2alpha injection?

A

____

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80
Q

When do we use CIDR or Cue-mate devices?

A

Progesterone based systems used to synchronise oestrous. Increase progesterone conc. acting as artificial CL.

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81
Q

How should we disinfect intrauterine devices?

A

Autoclave, pressure hose, disinfectant soak (sodium hypoclorite)

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82
Q

How does putting in an intrauterine device then giving PGF2alpha 7-8 days after synchronise oestrous?

A

Providing constant levels of progesterone while follicle is developing then the PGF2alpha synchronises progesterone decrease leading to oestrous.

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83
Q

What is the best method of oestrous synchrony for anoestrous cows?

A

Progesterone based systems

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84
Q

Provide an example of protocol using intravaginal progesterone insert.

A

Give GnRH with intravagina progesterone device then PGF2alpha 7 days later.

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85
Q

How long do you usually use an IVD for?

A

7 days

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86
Q

Why do we use GnRH based protocols?

A

Low conception rates, simple, effect non-cycling cows, intermediate cost

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87
Q

Describe the OvSynch protocol?

A

GnRH then 7 days PGF2alpha then 2 days GnRH then 7 days later AI.
GnRH - induces ovulation
PGF2alpha-luteolysis and dominant follicle grows.
GnRH - ovulation AI 16 hrs later!

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88
Q

Why do two injections of PGF2alpha at the end of Ovsynch make it more successful?

A

Increase pregnancy rates.

Reduces injection times.

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89
Q

When should you use Ovsynch?

A

Poor heat detection
Not continuously detecting heat
Anoestrous treatment

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90
Q

What’s the positive of adding a CIDR/Cue-mate to Ovsynch protocol?

A

Some cows not in appropriate heat time. Stops some cows from entering oestrous so that more cows can be synchronised.

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91
Q

Why do we resynchronise oestrous cycle?

A

Synchronise retrun to oestrous after AI

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92
Q

What are the 2 treatment philosophies of resynchronising oestrous?

A

Resynchronise WITHOUT pregnancy testing or WITH pregnancy testing.

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93
Q

Give an example of a resynchrony program.

A

Give oestradiol benzoate with IVD then after 8 days administer PGF2alpha and can AI.

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94
Q

How do we resynchonise without use of oestradiol?

A

Use normal synchrony program eg. Ovsynch then resynchronise by giving GnRH (induce ov.) then pregnancy scanthen give GnRH and AI.

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95
Q

What’s the difference between co-synch and ovsynch protocols?

A

Ovsynch - AI next day after final GnRH administeration.

Co-synch - AI immediately when give GnRH.

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96
Q

Where do cysts of vulva/vagina arise from?

A

Cysts from remnant of mesonephric ducts.

Don’t affect fertility.

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97
Q

Does a double vulva affect fertility?

A

No, one is patent.

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98
Q

Is there any clinical significance of a congenital vulvar wattle?

A

No. Owner way think it’s hermaphrodite.

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99
Q

Define uterine unicornis.

A

Aplasia of paramesonephric duct. Fertile or infertile.

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100
Q

In general reproductive system cysts are usually only a problem when?

A

They cause blockage.

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101
Q

What are some reasons for haemorrhage in vaginal discharge?

A

Normal after oestrous onset.

Abortion/changes in pregnancy.

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102
Q

What conditions can arise from poor vulval conformation?

A

Pneumovagina

Dystocia (poor labial closure)

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103
Q

How can we fix poor vulval conformation?

A

Caslick procedure

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104
Q

What is the most common neoplasia affecting the vulva?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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105
Q

What is hydrosalpinx?

A

Oviduct is distended with fluid

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106
Q

What causes hydrosalpinx?

A

Blockage
Segmental aplasia
Adhesions

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107
Q

There are tubular structures on the floor of the vagina. What are they and what’s their origin?

A

Cysts.

Originate from remnant mesonephric ducts.

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108
Q

Unilateral enlarged ovary palpated per rectum 35 days post calving. CL is palpated on left ovary. What are two possible conditions and how would you diagnose?

A

Granulosa cell tumour

Enlarged CL

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109
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Twins placenta fuses and female gets masculinity, hypoplastic repro tract.

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110
Q

When does freemartinism occur in utero?

A

Day 40 placental fusion of twins.

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111
Q

While pregnancy testing dairy heifers you find a heifer with a difficult to locate repro tract and hypoplastic uterine horns. You suspect freemartinism. How do you confirm diagnosis and what is the cause of this condition?

A

Diagnose - clinical signs, PCR, history.

Cause - fusion of placenta during twinning of male & female foetuses.

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112
Q

What is anoestrous?

A

Failure of cows to enter oestrous/detected in oestrous

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113
Q

What are the two types of anoestrous?

A

Anovulatory

Ovulatory

114
Q

Define anovulatory & ovulatory anoestrous.

A

Anovulatory - failure to ovulation & no behaviour

Ovulatory - can ovulate & no behaviour

115
Q

Why is anoestrous an issue?

A

Delays calving to conception.

116
Q

Anatomically how do anoestrous cows differ from oestrous cows?

A

Small ovaries

No CL

117
Q

When is anoestrous mostly seen in cows?

A

Post partum. Followed by short luteal phase.

118
Q

What is normal anoestrous length?

A

20-40 days but varies up to 80 days

119
Q

What causes anoestrous?

A

Ovarian quiescence (inactivity)
Behavioural
Prolonged luteal function eg. pregnancy
Failure detect oestrous

120
Q

How can we prevent post partum anoestrous?

A

Moderate BCS cows at calving (4.5-5.5 score).

Good nutrition, hormone treatments (progesterone)

121
Q

How do we detect anoestrous cows?

A

Monitor for oestrous over 3-4 week period. Cows not detected are anoestrous.

122
Q

Why does suckling prolong postpartum anoestrous?

A

Suppresses LH amplitude & pulse frequency.

123
Q

What is the effect of calving internal on conception rate?

A

Maximum of 80 days interval to maintain yearly calving interval.
Fertility improves with increasing interval.

124
Q

How do we improve fertility with calving interval?

A 
Increase interval 60-80 days. 
Selective culling late calving cows. 
Synchronise oestrous. 
Good heat detection
Good BCS
125
Q

What is the maximum decrease in body condition score after calving?

126
Q

What is the target breed weight in heifers of the following breeds:

  • British
  • Bos indicus
A

Bos indicus - 70% adult mature weight

British - 65% adult mature weight

127
Q

What is the critical mating weight for Brahman heifers?

A

320 to 340kg

128
Q

What does an increasing reproductive scores indicate?

A

Increase pregnancy rates with increased reproductive scores.

129
Q

What are carry over cows?

A

Subfertile cows like aged cows or insufficient replacement heifers.

130
Q

How many bulls should we have to cow ratio?

A

2.5-4% bulls to 100 cows

131
Q

Why do we use young bulls over heifers?

A

Smaller, lighter, less likely to carry venereal disease.

132
Q

What is cystic ovarian disease?

A

One or more cysts on ovary >2.5cm diameter with no CL.

133
Q

What causes cystic ovarian disease?

A

No good preovulatory surge. So no ovulation.

134
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A

Anovulatory structures. Mostly during postpartum period.

135
Q

What are clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease?

A 
Anoestrous 
Nymphomania
Erratic oestrous behaviour 
Sterility hump (chronic elevated tailhead)
Infertility
136
Q

What’s the difference between luteinised follicles cysts and non-luteinised follicles cysts?

A

Wall thickness.

Luteinised follicles cysts thicker wall.

137
Q

How do we diagnose cystic ovarian disease?

A

> 2.5cm follicle. History. Behaviour.

138
Q

Which of the following treatments of cystic ovarian disease are correct?

  • No treatment
  • Give GnRH
  • Manual rupture
  • Induce LH surge
  • Give progesterone
  • Induce luteolysis
A

No treatment
Manual rupture
Induce LH surge
Induce luteolysis

139
Q

Which of the following hormone treatments is used to treat cystic ovarian disease?

  • GnRH
  • eCG
  • Oestradiol benzoate
  • FSH
  • Cortisone
A

GnRH that induce ovulation.

140
Q

List 5 bacterial causes of bovine abortion.

A

Brucella abortus.
Leptospira interrogans.
Listeria monocytogenes.
Escheriscia coli.

141
Q

List 4 viral causes of abortion.

A

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus.
Bovine herpesvirus-1
Bluetongue virus
Akabane virus

142
Q

List 3 fungal causes of abortion.

A

Aspergillus
Mortierella
Mucor

143
Q

What is the mechanism of abortion?

A

Endocrine disruption or foetal death/stress.

144
Q

Severe maternal illness & placentitis are two factors influencing _____ .

145
Q

Describe the clinical manifestations of placenta/foetal infection:

  • First trimester
  • Second trimester
  • Third trimester
A

1st trimester - irregular oestrous return, infertility
2nd trimester - abortion, mummification, prolonged gestation, retained placenta
3rd trimester- abortion, mummification, stillbirth, weak neonate, serological positive foetus.

146
Q

What is your general approach to an abortion investigation?

A

History
Specimens
Serology
Management plan

147
Q

What are some samples to submit to labs of aborted foetus?

A 
Foetal stomach contents
Lung
Liver 
Foetal body fluids 
Caruncle 
Brain
Kidney
Heart
148
Q

How do we manage aborted cows?

A

Isolate pregnant animals that haven’t aborted
Eliminate infection
Bury/burn specimens not collected
Vaccinate/treat

149
Q

Why is Brucella important?

A

Eradicated from Australia.

Causes abortion, still births, orchitis, epididymitis, chronic placentitis.

150
Q

How do we control bovine brucellosis?

A

Reduce susceptibility by vaccinating

Reduce disease spread with cattle movement, testing, bloods

151
Q

How do cows get lepto?

A

Transmitted mucous membranes or skin.

152
Q

How do we treat lepto infection?

A

Antibiotics (Oxytetracycline)

153
Q

How do we determine that a bull is negative for Campylobacter fetus?

A

Do multiple tests.

Prepucial wash, PCR, vaginal mucous.

154
Q

Which is the appropriate treatment for C. fetus?

A

Antibiotics & vaccination

155
Q

What are clinical signs of listeriosis infection?

A

Sporadic.
Aborting cows.
Consumption of poorly fermented silage.

156
Q

What determines reproductive issues of bovine viral diarrhoea virus?

A

Stage of gestation & viral strain

157
Q

How do we diagnose BVD?

A

Bulk milk testing - seroprevalence.

PI animals have low antibody reaction and positive antigen test.

158
Q

What are predisosing factors to uterine torsion?

A

Big foetal weight.
Multiparous cow.
Large abdominal size.

159
Q

How do we treat uterine torsion?

160
Q

How do you do detorsion of uterine torsion?

A

Put side on direction of torsion use plank and roll OR use detorsion rod.

161
Q

How do you deal with vaginal or cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Give epidural, Buhner’s suture, clean it up sugar to shrink and push it back in

162
Q

When would you use an intravaginal retainer?

A

Allows parturition.

Use it in sheep, anchor to wool but can not work with vigorous straining.

163
Q

How do you deal with rectal prolapse?

A

Leave it if small.

Purse string suture, resect & anastomosis.

164
Q

Describe foetal mummification.

A

Death of foetal in absence of bacteria.
Closed cervix.
Caused by BVD or any foetal death cause.

165
Q

How do you treat foetal mummfication?

A

Cull.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (for foetal expulsion)
Hysterectomy
Caesarean

166
Q

Compare foetal mummification and foetal maceration.

A

Mummification - foetal death with no bacteria present.

Maceration - foetal death with bacterial invasion

167
Q

Lactating Holstein cow 5.5 months gestation. Reduced milk yield, slow walking, increased abdomen size. What is your DDx and how can you differentiate?

A

Hydrops allantois - can’t feel placentomes, RAPID size increase, more round size
Hydrops amnion - thicker fluid, pear shaped, gradual onset.
Multiple pregnancies

168
Q

How do we treat hydrops allantois and hyrops amnion?

A

Gradual fluid removal

Induce parturition

169
Q

When do you get adventitious placentation?

A

Hydrops allantois

170
Q

What’s the difference between primary & secondary pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Primary - no disease
Secondary - primary disease
Late gestation. Common in twin bearing cows.

171
Q

What’s some DDx for pregnancy toxaemia?

A 
Abomasal impaction
Vagus indigestion (reduce feed, distended abdomen) 
Chronic peritonitis (sick cows, dry smelly faeces, high fever)
172
Q

Which is appropriate treatment for pregnancy toxaemia?

  • IV glucose/dextrose
  • Antibiotics
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Improve nutrition
A

IV glucose/dextrose
Glucocorticoids
Improve nutrition

173
Q

What are indications of parturition in cattle?

A 
Preserve dam life. 
Reduce dystocia. 
Mismated animals. 
Caesarean section. 
Udder oedema. 
DO NOT DO THIS UNLESS YOU HAVE TO
174
Q

What a disadvantages of calving induction?

A

Calf viability (esp. late term)
Reduced birth weights
Retained placenta
Public image

175
Q

*What are side effects of calving associated with long acting corticosteroids?

A

Immunosuppression, mastitis, photosensitisation, hypersensitivity.

176
Q

A 3 year old cow with BCS of 4.5 in good health 6 weeks before calving needs to be induced. Is this suitable?

177
Q

What are the methods for inducing cattle partuition?

A

Corticosteroids (short or long acting)

Prostaglandin F2 Alpha

178
Q

What is the pros and cons of both short acting and long acting corticosteroids?

A

Short acting - Dexamethasone NaP. Use when close to date (2 weeks). Parturition in 24 hrs.
Long acting - Dexamethasone trimethyl acetate. >7m gestation. More issues with corticosteroids. Parturition within 4-26days.

179
Q

When would you use PGF2@ for calving induction?

A

Last 2 weeks gestation.

Any earlier and it causes abortion.

180
Q

How do we induce/abort a sheep?

A

Treat same as cows but PGF2@ only induce abortion day 5-30.

181
Q

What will administering PGF2@ after day 4 do to a doe?

A

Terminate pregnancy (because CL is required for pregnancy)

182
Q

How do we induce a sow?

A

PGF2@ day before due date.

183
Q

Identify & label bull reproductive system.

184
Q

What parts of bull genitalia are palpable per rectum?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Ampulla

185
Q

What are the 5 components of bull BSE? Which of these are compulsory?

A 
Physical -compulsory 
Scrotal- compulsory 
Semen- compulsory 
Serving
Morphology
186
Q

What is the approvable with tick standard for % of sperm progressively motile & normal in bulls?

A

> 60% progressively motile
70% normal sperm
***
These values are to get a tick.

187
Q

When should bulls be retested after semen quality testing to check for improvement?

A

Retest after 60 days (duration of spermatogenesis)

Young bulls retest when older.

188
Q

What’s the difference between fertile, subfertile & infertile bulls?

A

Fertile - natural service causes impregnantion 60-90%
Subfertile - natural service causes impregnation but not at same rate as fertile
Infertile - no pregnancies

189
Q

What do the following bull BSE report indicators indicate?

  • Tick
  • Q
  • X
  • NT
A

Tick - all good. Low risk reduced fertility.
Q- Qualified. Not all components consistent. Retest.
X- Significant risk red. fertility.
NT- Not evaluated component.

190
Q

What do we check in physical component bull BSE?

A

BCS, gait, eyes, conformation & penis.

191
Q

What is normal scrotal circumference measurement?

A

Depends on age, BW & breed.
Usually 30-34cm.
Correlated to - weight, sperm prod, semen quality, puberty, pregnancy rate.

192
Q

A bull has a scrotal circumference of 28cm. How do you interpret this?

A

Outside the normal. Greater risk impaired fertility. Mark as X.

193
Q

Why is semen density important?

A

Guide to concentration. The thicker/creamier the more concentrated it is.

194
Q

What is normal sperm concentration?

195
Q

Do we use mass activity in bull BSE?

A

Non-compulsory.

Look for swirl if you do.

196
Q

What are the minimum standards for progressively motile and normal sperm?

A

Progressively motile - 30-59%
Normal sperm - 50-69%
These are to get a Q value.

197
Q

What causes uterine prolapse?

A

After parturition.

Increased risk with hypocalcaemia & dystocia

198
Q

A cow has a uterine prolapse. What’s the prognosis? How would you treat this cow?

A 
70-80% survival. 
Correct low Ca
Put cow in sternal recumbency 
Give epidural (if req.) 
Clean uterus hypertonc fluid (reduce oedema) 
Repair any lacerations 
Replace uterus
Bruhners stitch 
Give oxytocin (contractions)
Give antibiotics
199
Q

What do you do if bladder is distended with urine and you have a uterine and bladder prolapse?

A

Aspirate bladder first

200
Q

Why do you get post partum uterine infection? What are the common bacteria involved?

A

Contaminated uterus
Impaired neutrophil function
Poor hygiene
Bacteria - Trueperella pyogenes, Strep, Clostridium, E.Coli.

201
Q

What are the 5 classifications of uterine infections?

A

Metritis
Endometritis
Sub-clinical endometritis
Pyometra

202
Q

What is referred to as inflammation of all uterus layers?

203
Q

What risk factors are associated with metritis?

A

Retained foetal membranes*

204
Q

Systemic ceftiofur is used to treat what inflammatory condition?

A

Metritis.

Or can use procaine penicillin.

205
Q

What is the general rule for selecting/finding metritis cows?

A

Retained foetal membranes
>39.5 temp
Dull/inappetance
Foul swelling discharge

206
Q

What is endometritis?

A

Inflammation endometrium no deeper than stratum spongiosum.

207
Q

What are the risk factors for endometritis?

A 
Hypocalcaemia
Retained foetal membranes
Dystocia
Twins
Metritis
Ketosis
Left displaced abomasum
208
Q

What is the most appropriate methods for endometritis diagnosis?

A 
Pus discharge 
Cervix palpation (big diameter) 
Vaginal purulent material (speculum or metricheck scoop) 
Endometrial biopsy
209
Q

Intrauterine antibiotics like cephapirin (Metricure) and PGF2alpha are appropriate treatments for what?

A

Endometritis.

Cephapirin has no milk withholding period.

210
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Purulent exudate accumulation in uterus.

211
Q

What’s some causes/risk factors of pyometra?

A

Ovulation with uterine infection.

No PGF2@ release from uterus due to inflammation.

212
Q

How do we diagnose pyometra?

A

Palpation / ultrasonography

213
Q

Why do we treat pyometra with PGF2@?

A

Induce luteolysis and promote drainage (open up the cervix)

214
Q

How do we prevent uterine inflammation diseases?

A

Good diet
Adequate Se and Vit E
Good hygiene at calving
Hypocalcaemia prevention

215
Q

What are the 4 steps of normal uterine involution?

A 
Cotyledon proteolysis (day 3)
Caruncle necrosis (day 7) 
Caruncles sloughing (day 15)
Endometrium covers epithelium (day 26-30)
216
Q

When does placental detachment usually occur?

A

3-6 hr post partum

217
Q

List some risk factors of retained placentas.

A 
Obstetrical intervention
Twinning
Abortion
Short gestation 
Summer
Hormones
218
Q

When would you use antibiotics in retained placentas?

A

If animal is pyrexic. Use ceftiofur.

219
Q

What are 3 main calving systems on dairy farms?

A

Year round
Split calving
Seasonal calving

220
Q

Define in calf rate

A

% of cows pregnant after certain time frame of mating eg. 6 week in calf rate is % cows pregnant with 6 weeks of mating

221
Q

What are the 2 key measures of herd reproductive performance in year round calving herds?

A

100 day in calf rate

200 day not in calf rate

222
Q

What is meant by submission rate?

A

% cows recieving at least 1 insemination in first 3 weeks of mating

223
Q

In seasonal calving herds what is the typical 6 week in calf rate?

224
Q

What would you recommend as a standard performance measuring tool for a dairy farmer?

A

Fertility focus report

225
Q

What can we use to assess reproductive performance in beef herds?

A

Pregnancy rate
Branding rate
Not in calf rate
Foetal/calf loss loss rate

226
Q

What are the two general categorisations of bull reproductive problems?

A

Conditions affect ability of bull to copulate.

Conditions affect ability to fertile ova

227
Q

Give some musculoskeletal examples affecting bull serving.

A 
Post leggedness
Sickle hocks
Bow-legged
Foot problems
Arthritis
Dislocations
228
Q

What are some reasons for scrotal swelling?

A 
Inguinal hernia 
Orchitis
Neoplasia
Trauma
Varicocoele
Haematocoele
229
Q

How do you diagnose scrotal swelling?

A

Palpation, ultrasound and needle aspiration.

230
Q

Scrotal circumference is 26cm in 5yo bull. If palpation is normal what would you conclude?

A

Small for it’s age.
Maybe testicular degeneration or infection?
Testicular hypoplasia

231
Q

How do we differentiate penile problems in bulls?

A

Congenital
Infectious
Disruption of erectile process.

232
Q

What is diphallus?

A

Double penis

233
Q

How do we surgically correct deviations?

A

Surgically - split ligament or autografting

234
Q

Describe persistent frenulum?

A

Persistence of median band tissue holds the penis tip bit down.

235
Q

What would you do about a corkskrew penis?

A

Cull (genetic predisposition)

Surgery can be successful

236
Q

How do you differentiate prepucial abscess and preputial haematoma?

237
Q

Define balanitis, posthitis and balanoposthitis.

A

Balanitis - penis inflammatio
Posthitis - prepuce inflammation
Balanoposthitis - penis & prepuce inflammation

238
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Inability to retract penis into prepuce.

239
Q

Describe how to bandage prepucial injuries?

A

Wrap bandage tape around 3cm from one end with tubing.

240
Q

How do we treat prepucial injuries?

A

Antibitoics, anti-inflammatories, hydrotherapy, bandaging, sling
Surgery if possible - resect & anastomosis.

241
Q

Describe balanoposthitis. (inflammation of prepuce & penis)

A

BHV-1. Bovine herpes virus 1.

Get pustules, vesicles, balanoposthitis signs, self limiting.

242
Q

How do you treat fibropapillomas on the penis?

A

Ligation and excision.

243
Q

How do we treat prolapse of bull prepuce?

A

Seperate from cows & sexual rest.

Culling, hydrotherapy, antibiotics, sling, bandage

244
Q

What is the most common condition of accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal vesiculitis.

245
Q

What causes seminal vesiculitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenes most common isolate

246
Q

What are possible routes of infection for seminal vesiculitis?

A

Urethra ascending

Infection from other repro organs.

247
Q

What are clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis?

A

Increase size & firmness
Excess WBC or pus in semen
Abscessation causes fistulation
Blood in faeces

248
Q

How do we treat seminal vesiculitis?

A

Spontaeous recovery

Systemic antibiotics eg. penicillin, ceftiofur, trimethoprim.

249
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of embryo transfer?

A

Genetic improvment, disease control, transportation, avoid heat stress.
Cost donors, high skill level, cost, labour

250
Q

What are the sequence of events involved with embryo transfer?

A 
Select donors
Superovulate donors
Embryo collection
Evaluation of embryos
Selection of recipients
Embryo processing
Transfer of embryos
251
Q

What do donors for ET have to be?

A

Calved more than 6 weeks
Genetic elite
Healthy
Large cervix (catheter)

252
Q

How do we superovulate donor cows in embryo transfer?

A

Stimulate ovaries to produce >1 egg per cycle.
Begin at day 9-12 of cycle (new wave emergence)
>2mm follicles.
First synchronise eg. with GnRH –> give FSH 4 days then PG for luteolysis

253
Q

How do we assess superovulation response?

A

Count number of corpus luteums via palpation or US

254
Q

How do you collect embryos from donor?

A

Sedate + epidural

Catheterise uterus –> flush uterus using horn flush repeatedly

255
Q

What’s the difference between a horn flush and body flush?

A

Body flush - flush both horns at the same time from just inside cervix
Horn flush - catheter all the way into one horn. Do both horns with same flush. One at a time. More effective.

256
Q

How do we evaluate embryos?

A

Based on stage of development and quality.

257
Q

Why do you wash embryos?

A

Reduce infectious agents

258
Q

Do you know how to identify morula and blastocyst?

A

See photos

259
Q

Can we use reproductive culls or poor BCS cows for recipients embryo transfer?

A

No needs good fertility, good ID, quiet, large frame

260
Q

What’s the average no. of embryos you get per flush that are usable?

261
Q

Describe the grading system of embryos particularly focus on Grade 1

A 
Graded 1-4 or A-D. 
Grade 1 - 
-excellent 
-symmetrical & spherical
-minor irregularities
-smooth zona pellucida
-85% material entact
262
Q

Why do we worry about zona pellucida when grading embryos?

A

NEVER send it away if the zona pellucida is cracked - high risk of disease transmission. Can still use domestically.

263
Q

What is the optimum time for embryo transfer?

A

Day 7 after oestrous

264
Q

Where will we implant embryo anatomically?

A

Go as far up the horn as you can that has CL present.

265
Q

Define presentation, position & posutre.

A

Presentation - spinal axis of foetus to dam
Position - dorsal foetus in longitudinal presentation presentation to pelvis
Posture - foetal extremities to own body

266
Q

What is the desired presentation, position and posture of foetus for parturition?

A

Cranial longitudinal presentation
Dorsosacral position
Head, neck & forelimbs extended

267
Q

When is obstretical intervention required?

A

Foetal membranes extend out of vulva.

268
Q

Describe the presentation, position & posture of a backwards facing calf.

A

Caudal longitudinal
Bilateral flexion of hips
Breached position

269
Q

When is caesarean section indicated?

A

Inadequate expulsion forces
Inadequate size birth canal
Oversized foetus
Faulty foetus position

270
Q

How does incomplete cervix dilatation occur?

A

When cow needs more time or foetus hasn’t engaged properly.

271
Q

What is uterine inertia?

A

Uterus can’t contract and expel foetus.

From hypocalcaemia, multiple foetuses, poor BCS etc.

272
Q

Should we give oxytocin when we have dystocia?

A

Never you want the uterus relaxed for the calf

273
Q

Why does uterine rupture occur?

A 
Emphysematous foetus
Hydrops allantois 
Uterine adhesions
Excess traction 
Retropulson of foetus
274
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?

A

Oversize foetus - foetopelvic disproportion

275
Q

What are the clinical signs of foetopelvic disproportion?

A

Prolonged labour, straining, incomplete foetus delivery, retention, recumbency dam

276
Q

How do you treat foetopelvic disproportion?

A

Determine viability first.

Episiotomy - cut the side of vulva to increase opening.

277
Q

How do you fix carpal flexion in malpresented foetus?

A

Repel foetus, grab the hoof and pull forward.

If not possible do foetotomy remove distal portion of limb.

278
Q

How do you fix elbow lock in malpresented foetus?

A

Suspected if foetal muzzles lies over fetlock.

Repel and apply traction to forelimb & elevate elbow

279
Q

How do you fix shoulder flexion of malpresented foetus?

A

Use lots of lubrication.

Do carpal flexion and pull it out.

280
Q

Describe foot-nape posture. How do you fix it?

A

Carpus is pushed upwards in vagina. Can lacerate vaginal wall.
Repel foetus, grasp fetlock and ventro-medial traction.

281
Q

How do you correct hock flexion?

A

Repel hind leg with pressure.

Grasp metatarsus and repel limb

Livestock Health & Production (2 decks)

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