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Physio 2 Block 3 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of testes

A

Make sperm and Testosterone

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2
Q

Accessory duct function

A

Storage, maturation, and transport of sperm

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3
Q

Seminal Fluid

A

Seminal vesicles produce the majority of the fluid

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4
Q

Path of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules to rete testis to efferent ducts to epididymis

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5
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Make Testosterone, outside the seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

Sertoli Cells function

A

Are support cells

  1. Transfer nutrients to developing germ cells
  2. Form tight junctions that form blood-testis barrier
  3. Secrete fluid into seminiferous tubules to move sperm towards epididymis
  4. Make ABP to concentrate T in Sem Tubules
  5. Make Aromatase to convert T to estradiol
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7
Q

How is testosterone maintained in in seminiferous tubule lumen?

A

Leydig cells have LH receptors (adenyl cyclase pathway to PKA to nuc) to initiate T production. T diffuses out to bloodstream to carrier proteins and Sertoli Cells.
Seroli Cells have FSH receptors (adenyl cyclase path) to make Antigen Binding protein, inhibins, and aromatase to effect Leydig cells. T binds to ABP which moves it to Lumen to maintain high lvls of T in seminiferous tubules.

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8
Q

Targets of Testosterone

A

Causes growth of testes and muscle

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9
Q

DHT

A

Dihydrotestosterone made from plasma testosterone via 5 alpha Reductase and causes growth of prostate, scrotum, penis, and bone

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10
Q

Functions of ovary

A
  1. Produce and release mature oocytes

2. Synthesize and release steroid hormones

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11
Q

Pre fertilization growth of egg

A

Primordial follicles generated during fetal development and divide to primary follicles as a neonate.
As FSH and LH induces the Ovarian Cycle progress continues until the oocyte arrests at prophase 1 at ovulation.

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12
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Consists of theca and Granulosa cells

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13
Q

FSH/LH and females

A

Theca cells only have LH receptors so they produce progesterone.

Granulosa cells have LH receptors during its luteal phase to also produce progesterone, otherwise it only has FSH which produces estrogen

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14
Q

Follicular phase

A

In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, FSH and LH stimulate synthesis and secretion of estradiol by follicular cells. One of the actions of estradiol is negative feedback on the anterior pituitary cells to inhibit further secretion of FSH and LH. Thus, the follicular phase is dominated by negative feedback effects of estradiol.

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15
Q

Midcycle

A

Pattern changes. Estradiol levels rise sharply due to increased proliferation of follicular cells. It surpasses a limit leading to positive feedback of estradiol on ant pit via upreg of GnRH receptors. This causes the ovulation surge of FSH and LH. (LH higher than FSH as FSH is still affected by Inhibin)

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16
Q

Luteal Phase

A

major hormone secreted is progesterone. It has neg feedback on ant pit.

17
Q

Inhibin

A

Produced by ovarian granulosa cells and inhibits FSH secretion from ant pit

18
Q

Activin

A

Produced by ovarian granulosa cells and stims FSH secretion

19
Q

Ovarian and Uterine cycle Drawing

A

On Paper

20
Q

Role of FSH in cycles

A

Via granulosa cell receptors, initial actions are stimulation of granulosa cells and therefore estradiol synth. Estrogen promotes vasculization of uterine wall.

Therefore, follicular phase is dominated by FSH, LH low, and estrogen is gradually rising.

21
Q

Luteal phase and the cycles

A

During the luteal phase, progesterone neg feedback on FSH. LH freq reduced but more of it. LH maintains the corpus luteum. On day 24 to 26, corpus luteum fades and progesterone and estradiol levels plunge causing loss of support of uterine lining.

22
Q

Reproductive hormones and age

A

At puberty, GnRH and LH/FSH becomes pulsatile and highest at night. LH higher than FSH.

Menopause - follicles are depleted from ovaries and estrogen and progesterone stops therefore LH and FSH have no neg feedback. Higher FSH than LH.

23
Q

Corticol reaction

A

When Zona Pelucida forms a barrier to polyspermy once implanted.

24
Q

Capacitation

A

When protein coat of sperm is washed after several hours in female reproductive tract allowing fertilization to occur.

25
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

When sperm encounters the Zona Pelucida and releases its contents

26
Q

Timing of implantation

A

Occurs in the uterus 5-9 days after fert (4 days to uterine cavity, 1 day floating) and corresponds to when uterus is ready (day 21, 5-9 days post ovulation) and at peak progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin.

27
Q

Process of implantation

A

Zone pellucida dissolves (hatching)
blastocyst lines up with endometrium (apposition)
Integrins make connections (adhesion)
Trophoblast secretes enzymes to endometrium (invasion)

28
Q

Pregnancy Test hormone and function

A

based on HCG, which stims LH receptors on C Luteum to sustain it and keep it producing progesterone and estrogen. Produced by syncytiotrophoblast.

29
Q

HCS/hPL

A

similar to GH and allows higher glucose in mother therefore able to provide for fetus

30
Q

Hormones and gestation weeks

A

Until week 9, corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen.

Post week 9, Placenta produces HCG, prog, estrogen, and HCS. Also coincides with mother producing Prolactin from pit.

31
Q

Progesterone:Estrogen ratio

A

Higher prog promotes gestation and inhibits delivery, once gestation is complete, estrogen rises to promote contractions

32
Q

Lactation

A

Two components: synthesis and release

33
Q

Milk Secretion/Synth

A

Continuous process and regulated by prolactin. Synthesized in alveolar cells to alveolar lumen as storage

34
Q

Milk Ejection

A

Intermittent process
Regulated by oxytocin and mechanoreceptors to suckling releases SON and PVN from hypo to release oxytocin from pit (dopamine inhib). Contracts the myoepithelial cells.

35
Q

Why is fertility reduced in breastfeeding women?

A

GnRH producing neurons are inhibited by suckling which stops reproductive cycle. Via actions of prolactin

Physio 2 Block 3 (2 decks)

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