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Introduction to Biology > Reproduction 2 > Flashcards

Reproduction 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Budding

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another.

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2
Q

Fragmentation

A

Is the cloning of an asexual organism.

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3
Q

Zygote

A

The initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined

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4
Q

Gametes

A

Are cells that fuses with another cell during fertilization (sperm and egg cells)

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5
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Organism that has both male and female reproductive organs

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6
Q

Sex Accessory Glands

A

Are the Prostate and Cowper glands

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7
Q

Penis

A

Male organ that fills with blood to cause an erection during sexual arousal

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8
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Testis descends through the inguinal canal, an opening through the musculature in the lower abdominal wall. Provides a route for the vas deferens, blood vessels, and nerves that supply each testis.

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9
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The absence of one or both testes in the scrotum

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10
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Loops of intestine may push through the weakened musculature surrounding the inguinal canal.

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11
Q

Seminiferous tublules

A

Is where sperm is formed (coiled tubs)

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12
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Duct that is located in the upper part of the abdomen and loops around bladder. It is part of the male anatomy that transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

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13
Q

Cowper’/Bulbourethral glands

A

Located posterior and lateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, secrets a drops of fluid in the urethra during sexual arousal to help lubricate the urethra allowing sperm to move through.

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14
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Secret testosterone

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15
Q

LH(ICSH)

A

Luteinizing Hormone- is produced by the Anterior Pituitary and then stimulates testosterone (Andogen) production in the testis. Androgen also stimulates sperm production in the testis.

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

o Is a hormone made by testis

o Responsible for normal growth and development of the male sex organs

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17
Q

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

o Is produced by the Anterior Pituitary and then stimulates sperm production in the testis

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18
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

• Hormonal change that occurs in uterus and ovary for the purpose of sexual reproduction

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19
Q

Acrosome

A

o The sac on the tip of a sperm head that contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.

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20
Q

HCG

A

o Hormone produced by the fertilized egg, after conception. Which maintains the Corpus Luteum of the ovary during the first three months.
o Hormone can cause cancer if a lot is present when not pregnant.

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21
Q

PMS

A 
o	Premenstrual Syndrome
	      Symptoms 
                  Irritability
	          Depression
	          Fatigue
	          Headache
	          Bloating
	          Swelling
	          Breast tenderness 
	          Tension
	          Joint pain
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22
Q

Menopause

A

o Cessation of menstruation

Ovulation and menstruation stop

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23
Q

Birth Control

A

o Vasectomy- Male
o Pill - Morning after pills
o IUD- Object with string attached that is inserted by a DR. into the uterus
o Diaphragm- Rubber cup that fits over end of Cervix.
o Tubal Ligation - Tying the tubes

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24
Q

Pap Smear

A

o The cervical ling is swabbed. The swab is then examined for signs of cancer.

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25
Q

Morula

A

o Multi celled structure. Looks like a mulberry

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26
Q

Cleavage

A

o Successive division of embryonic cells.

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27
Q

Blastula

A

o Hollow cavity in the Morula

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28
Q

Gastrula

A 
o	Early multicellular embryo
o	       Three Layers of cells
•	             Internal Layer - Endoderm 
•	             Middle Layer - Mesoderm 
•	             Outer layer  - Ectoderm
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29
Q

Endoderm

A

o Internal Layer of cells in the Gastrula embryo

o Will become lining of gut and various organs associated with the gut.

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30
Q

Mesoderm

A

o Middle layer of cells in the Gastrula embryo
o Will become bones, muscle, cartilage, connective tissue and blood.
Somites - blocks of mesoderm that will
give rise to segmental
structures such as
vertebrae(ribs back bone)

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31
Q

Ectoderm

A

o Outer Layer of cells in the Gastrula embryo

o Will become skin and nervous system

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32
Q

Organogenesis

A

o Formation of Organs-around the 3rd week of pregnancy
o The stage where the Endoderm,
Mesoderm, and Ectoderm become
organs.

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33
Q

Teratogen (examples)

A 
Cause Birth defects
	    Progesterone
	    Thalidomide
	    Rubella (German Measles)
	    Alcohol
	    Irradiation
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34
Q

Placental Villi

A

o Carries blood cells from embryo which absorb nutrients from the poos of maternal bllod in the outer layer of the trophoblast.

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35
Q

Amnion

A

o A membrane (amniotic sac) that surrounds and protects an embryo.

36
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

o A closed sac between the embryo and the amnion that contains amniotic fluid

37
Q

Neural Groove

A

o Runs the length of the back surface of the embryo. Deepens and narrows off to form the neural tube.

38
Q

Neural Tube

A

o Will form the spinal cord and brain

39
Q

Fetal development

A

o Begins in the 8th week and ends at birth
o Organ development and growth
o Changes in body proportions

40
Q

Fetal circulation

A

o Divert most of blood around organs that are not functional in the fetus.

41
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Artery found in the abdominal and pelvic regions in the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord to the placenta.

42
Q

Umbilical vein

A

o Carries Oxygen and nutrient rich blood from placenta to the fetus.

43
Q

Ductus veinosus

A

o Shunt that bypasses the liver, because it is not yet developed.

44
Q

Foramen ovale

A

o A shunt in the heart of the fetus that allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atruim

45
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

o A duct in a fetus heart that connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the lungs.

46
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A 
o	Includeing facila 
o	Heart
o	Skeletal defects
o	Behavioral problems
o	Learning disabilities
47
Q

Lactation

A

o Milk production

48
Q

Relaxin

A

o Hormone produced by the ovary and placenta at the end of the gestation. Softens the pelvic bone to widen and cervix allowing it to expand to let the baby through.

49
Q

Episiotomy

A

ncision that will enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent a lager baby from tearing the vagina during child birth.

50
Q

Breech birth

A

o Baby comes out butt first

51
Q

Cesarean section

A

o Incision at pubic hair line

52
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

o Anesthetic agent that temporarily deadens the sensory nerves in the vagina. It is injected in the bony canal that houses the spinal cord

53
Q

Suckling reflex

A

o Will be able to suckle the breast or anything put in its mouth

54
Q

Rooting reflex

A

o Baby will latch to breast and suck

o Also helps them find the nipple

55
Q

Implantation

A

o Is the process of the blastocyst attaching to the uterine lining and digesting its way into the endometrium. It begins 6 to 7 days after fertilization.

56
Q

Placenta formation

A

o Invasion of the maternal tissue by the outer layer of the trophoblast
o Cavities form
o Inner layer of the trophoblast and blood vessels invade, forming placental villi
o Fully formed placenta showing rich vascular supply

57
Q

Placenta

A

o Organ that supplies nutrients to and removes waste from the growing embryo.

58
Q

Delayed implantation

A

o The embryo does not immediately implant in the uterus. Maintained in a state without development during this period

59
Q

Cervical dilation

A

o The opening of the cervix entrance to the uterus, during childbirth.

60
Q

Colostrum

A

o Rich fluid that is produced before milk comes in and is full of antibodies

61
Q

Prolactin

A

o Starts during fifth week of pregnancy.
o Controls milk production
o When a baby suckles it cause prolactin release and produces milk for the next feeding.

62
Q

oxytocin

A

o A hormone that is produced by protuatary that causes contractions

63
Q

Vagina

A

Thin-walled but strong muscular chamber that serves as a birth canal through which the baby is expelled. It is also accommodates the penis and acts as a repository for sperm during copulation.

64
Q

Urethra

A

A tube that connects to the urinary bladder to the Genitals for the removal of fluid from the body
A. In males it travels through the penis and
carries semen as well as urine.
B. Is shorter in females and emerges above the
vagina opening. Only used for urination.

65
Q

Labia Minors

A

A pair of skin folds boarding the opening of the vagina

66
Q

Labia Majora

A

There is thick fatty ridges protect the entire genital region of a female

67
Q

Hyman

A

A thin membrane that ruptures after sexual intercourse. Has no known purpose.

68
Q

Bartholin Gland

A

Is found near the vagina opening and secretes lubrication fluid during sexual arousal helping the sperm move through it.

69
Q

Clitoris

A

Sole function of the clitoris is for sexual arousal it consist of a short shaft surrounding rounded glands covered by small hood of skin called prepuse.

70
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tube that sperm passes from the testicles. The tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear each testicle to its vas deferens. Store sperm 2 to 3 months while it develops because at the time it enters the sperm is not able to swim forward.

71
Q

Seminole Vesicle

A

A pair of simple tubular glands near the rear of the bladder. Secretes a thick clear fluid that protects and nourishes the sperm

72
Q

Prostate gland

A

Is a gland near the rear bottom of the bladder it will secrete a milky alkaline fluid that balances the acidity of any traces of urine in the urethra and helps protect the sperm form the natural acidity of the vagina.

73
Q

Semen

A

Is made up of sperm and the secretions of the seminal gland prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

74
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of brain that secretes a releasing hormone that regulates FSH and luteinizing hormone by the Anterior Pituitary. FSH promotes sperm production by testes. LH promotes secretion of testosterone.

75
Q

Overies

A
  1. An inch long
  2. Bumpy Surface
    A. Follicles
  3. Also produces egg cells and hormones
76
Q

Follicles

A

A. each cell surrounded by one or more layers of follicles cells that nourish and protect the developing egg cell
B. Produces female hormone “estrogen”

77
Q

Ovulation

A

The process of the egg cells being ejected from the follicles

78
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

A. The remaining follicular tissue that released the egg will grow within the ovary to form a solid mass which secretes progesterone in the hormone that helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy and additional estrogen
B. If the egg is not fertilized the corpus lute degenerates and a new follicle matures during the next cycle

79
Q

Overduct

A

Fallopian tube and it is also where fertilization usually occurs in the upper third of the oviduct

80
Q

Uterus

A

A. Is known as the womb is the actual site of pregnancy

B. 3 inches long but yet can grow to accommodate an 8.8 pound baby

81
Q

Endometrium

A

A thick muscular wall that lines the uterus is richly supplied with blood vesicles. The embryo implants itself here and will develop completely.

82
Q

Embryo

A

The stage in development from the first division of zygote until body structures begin to appear about the ninth week and humans

83
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human baby after ninth week until birth

84
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

An out of place pregnancy usually in the oviduct called a tubule pregnancy this will need to be removed surgically otherwise it can cause rupture in surrounding tissues causing severe bleeding and even death.

85
Q

Cervix

A

The narrow neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina. Doctors will check the cervix for dilation before childbirth to see if the cervix has expanded large enough for the baby to move through

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