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Animal Physiology Final > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

menstrual cycle

A
  • only in primates; estrous cycle in other animals
  • refers to changes in the uterus as it prepares for pregnancy
  • menstruate in each cycle that does not result in pregnancy (menstruation long after ovulation)
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2
Q

estrous cycle

A
  • go into estrus (heat) in synchrony with ovulation
  • use behaviors/signals (pheromones) to indicate they’re sexually receptive
  • estrus lasts from a few hours to a few days
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3
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • development of primordial follicles into mature ova
  • female mammals produce all the egg cells they will ever have prior to birth
  • at birth about 5 million primordial follicles and only about 4-5 hundred develop into mature ova
  • oogenesis in lower verts occurs throughout life
  • meiotic events begin during embryogenesis and are then halted until puberty
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4
Q

gemtogenesis

A
  • oogonium divide by mitosis to produce many oogonia
  • become primary oocyte when they undergo first stage of meiosis (chromosomes replicate)
  • remain primary oocytes until ovulated following puberty
  • completes first meiotic division at ovulation (only completes second meotic division if fertilized)
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5
Q

signal for germinal vesicle breakdown

A
  • occurs after vitellogenesis is complete
  • signal for this is hormonal (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, GnRH, FSH, and LLH for follicle development, estrogen production, and vitellogenesis, and progesterone production)
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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes GnRH (gonadotrophic releasing hormone)-> affects ant pit-> secretes gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)-> affects gonads-> secrete sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone)
- these have feedback at ant pit and hypothalamus (mostly neg)
- LH and FSH regulated by GnRH and estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

oogenesis in humans

A
  • post-puberty when ovarian cycle begins
  • humans- occurring periodically- cyclic
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8
Q

periodic ovulators

A

season (spring/summer)
- have period of heat/estrus

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9
Q

reflex ovulators

A
  • ex: cats, rabbits
  • require copulation for ovulation (but also have a cycle of estrus)
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10
Q

spontaneous ovulators

A

LH surge produced endogenously in female (independent of copulation) by a series of events throughout menstrual/estrus cycle

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11
Q

cycle of oogenesis regulated by

A
  • GnRH (from hypothalamus)
  • LH(ant pit hormone)
  • FSH(ant pit hormone)
  • estrogen (steroid)
  • progesterone(steroid)
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12
Q

LH and FSH

A

controlled by ovarian hormones and small set of neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus of brain that secrete GnRH

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13
Q

LH

A

ovulation of a mature ova is triggered by LH (GnRH causes release of LH)

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14
Q

FSH

A

causes growth phase of the follicle (GnRH causing release of FSH)

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15
Q

GnRH

A

causes release of LH and FSH
- released in pulses
- pulses of GnRH are carried by blood flow into hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to ant pit gland-> stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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16
Q

granulosa cells

A
  • surround oocyte
  • early in follicular phase, somatic cells enclosing primordial follicle become more cuboidal-> granulosa cells-> becomes primary follicle
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17
Q

thecal cells

A
  • steroid producing cells
  • connective tissue on outside of granulosa differentiates into this
18
Q

primordial follicle

A

soon after female is born, each primary oocyte in her ovaries becomes enclosed by a single layer of somatic cells

19
Q

follicular growth phase

A
  • part of menstrual/estrus cycle when follicles mature
20
Q

ovarian cycle

A

primordial follicle-> surrounded by granulosa cells-> differentiate into thecal cells
- then some periodically enter follicular growth phase_> inc granulosa cells, inc concentric layers around oocyte
- fully grown follicle cell with large oocyte, still arrested

21
Q

how many follicles mature fully per estrus/menstrual cycle

A
  • one dominant follcle matures fully in most menstrual/estrus cycles-> grows large through mitosis of granulosa and thecal cells-> when follicular phase ends with LH surge, the oocyte of the dom follicle completes the first meiotic division-> one daughter cell becomes secondary oocyte that will be fertilized if mating is successful
  • Graafian Follicle
22
Q

antrum cavity

A

filled with fluid, certain proteins, cAMP, hormones, etc.

23
Q

GnRH->

A

FSH-> follicle growth (inc estrogen from cells around ova)
- inc estrogen-> initially pos feedback to inc FSH
- with higher estrogen= neg feedback to dec FSH but a pos feedback to inc LH
- inc LH-> pre-ovulatory surge of LH in response to high estrogen-> ovulation

24
Q

estrogen

A

inc slowly in follicular phase, dramatic inc before ovulation
- estrogen causes pos feedback tof further FSH
- higher estrogen causes negative feedback and shut off of FSH and stimulation of LH
- estrogen also inc uterine mucosa to proliferate
- inc the blood vessels
- high estrogen- pre-ovulatory

25
Q

during follicular phase…

A

LH and FSH levels remain flat until a few days before ovulation-> peak at ovulation-> LH acts on theca cells, FSH acts on granulosa cells-> lead to secretion of estrogen

26
Q

pre-ovulatory surge of LH

A
  • in response to high estrogen
  • causes: ovulation, also inc progesterone production by corpora luteum (tissue left behind)
27
Q

LH binding to theca cells

A

cells are stimulated to produce androgens-> diffuse to granulosa cells

28
Q

binding of FSH to granulosa cells

A

stimulates aromatase which converts androgens to estrogen
- estrogen stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells-> pos feedback

29
Q

increased progesterone

A
  • causes germinal vesicle breakdown
  • resumption of meiosis
    0 high levels will have negative feedback on LH and FSH
  • as LH dec, so does progesterone
  • dec in progesterone-> menstruation
  • causes FSH to be released for a new cycle
30
Q

menses

A

bleeding (day 0-5)

31
Q

follicular phase

A

around day 5-15 (aka proliferative phase)
- endometrium undergoes rapid thickening and redevelops glands and circulatory vascularization
- proliferation and growth due to FSH release-> FSH causes estrogen to be produced (stimulates follicle cells to grow)

32
Q

corpus luteum

A

essential to establishing conditions that permit implantation and pregnancy
- progesterone secreted in luteal phase prepares uterus for implantation, thickening of endometrium supports implantation and nourishment of embryo if fertilization occurs

33
Q

luteal phase hormones

A
  • day 15-29 (follows ovulation)
  • LH surge-> ovary begins to produce progesterone from corpora luteum
  • meiotic arrest is broken and germinal vesicle breakdown–> both are progesterone dependent
  • leads to one large duaghter cell and one polar body- both still encased by zona pellicida
34
Q

ovulation

A
  • about 10-12 hours after LH surge
  • physical mechanism to expel ovum
35
Q

LH induces:

A
  • inc collagenase, inc plasminogen activation, inc prostaglandin intensity (allows for smooth muscle contraction), can prevent ovulation by prohibiting prostaglandins (and hormones) at this stage
  • LH causes oocyte to complete its first meiotic division, causes granulosa cells to secrete progesterone, dec estrogen
  • initiates changes in granulosa cells and theca cells to form corpu luteum
36
Q

luteal phase

A
  • follows ovulation
  • from remaining follicle tissue
  • tissue fills with blood and becomes corpus luteum
  • CL produces primarily progesterone (and some estrogen)
  • CL maintained by LH
37
Q

progesterone

A
  • further stimulates uterine tissue growth and growth of additional blood vessels (progesterone at this point blocks implantation)
  • inhibits FSH (and so prevents maturation of additional follicles at this time)
  • lower progesterone has a positive feedback on LH (higher progesterone has a negative feedback on LH)
  • neg feedback results in degeneration of CL-> turns into corpa albican (stops producing progesterone)
  • progesterone is a good birth control pill because it prevents follicle maturation and pre-ovulatory LH surge
  • dec in progesterone-> menstruation, ability of FSH to start inc (for growth of another follicle)
38
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
- would maintain the CL following implantation

39
Q

effects of estrogens

A
  • affects ovulation by dec FSH and inc LH
  • inc growth and development of follicles
  • develops uterine mucosa (both in proliferative and secretory phase)
  • stimulates uterine smooth muscle (at birthing)
  • protein anabolic
  • behavioral effects-> makes females receptive to mating at ovulation
  • dec serum cholesterol
  • estrogen stimulates endometrial cells to produce receptor molecule for progesterone
40
Q

secretory phase

A
  • endometrium matures to point that it is fully ready to accept implantation of an embryo and provide the embryo with nutritive support during early post implantation development
41
Q

effects of progesterone

A
  • inhibits contraction of uterus
  • development of breasts
  • prevents midcycle burst of LH (pill)
  • maintains blood supply to myometrium
  • inhibits FSH
  • high progesterone during pregnancy, drops right before birth

Animal Physiology Final (3 decks)

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