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Animal Physiology Final > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

menstrual cycle

A
  • only in primates; estrous cycle in other animals
  • refers to changes in the uterus as it prepares for pregnancy
  • menstruate in each cycle that does not result in pregnancy (menstruation long after ovulation)
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2
Q

estrous cycle

A
  • go into estrus (heat) in synchrony with ovulation
  • use behaviors/signals (pheromones) to indicate they’re sexually receptive
  • estrus lasts from a few hours to a few days
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3
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • development of primordial follicles into mature ova
  • female mammals produce all the egg cells they will ever have prior to birth
  • at birth about 5 million primordial follicles and only about 4-5 hundred develop into mature ova
  • oogenesis in lower verts occurs throughout life
  • meiotic events begin during embryogenesis and are then halted until puberty
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4
Q

gemtogenesis

A
  • oogonium divide by mitosis to produce many oogonia
  • become primary oocyte when they undergo first stage of meiosis (chromosomes replicate)
  • remain primary oocytes until ovulated following puberty
  • completes first meiotic division at ovulation (only completes second meotic division if fertilized)
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5
Q

signal for germinal vesicle breakdown

A
  • occurs after vitellogenesis is complete
  • signal for this is hormonal (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, GnRH, FSH, and LLH for follicle development, estrogen production, and vitellogenesis, and progesterone production)
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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes GnRH (gonadotrophic releasing hormone)-> affects ant pit-> secretes gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)-> affects gonads-> secrete sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone)
- these have feedback at ant pit and hypothalamus (mostly neg)
- LH and FSH regulated by GnRH and estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

oogenesis in humans

A
  • post-puberty when ovarian cycle begins
  • humans- occurring periodically- cyclic
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8
Q

periodic ovulators

A

season (spring/summer)
- have period of heat/estrus

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9
Q

reflex ovulators

A
  • ex: cats, rabbits
  • require copulation for ovulation (but also have a cycle of estrus)
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10
Q

spontaneous ovulators

A

LH surge produced endogenously in female (independent of copulation) by a series of events throughout menstrual/estrus cycle

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11
Q

cycle of oogenesis regulated by

A
  • GnRH (from hypothalamus)
  • LH(ant pit hormone)
  • FSH(ant pit hormone)
  • estrogen (steroid)
  • progesterone(steroid)
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12
Q

LH and FSH

A

controlled by ovarian hormones and small set of neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus of brain that secrete GnRH

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13
Q

LH

A

ovulation of a mature ova is triggered by LH (GnRH causes release of LH)

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14
Q

FSH

A

causes growth phase of the follicle (GnRH causing release of FSH)

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15
Q

GnRH

A

causes release of LH and FSH
- released in pulses
- pulses of GnRH are carried by blood flow into hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to ant pit gland-> stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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16
Q

granulosa cells

A
  • surround oocyte
  • early in follicular phase, somatic cells enclosing primordial follicle become more cuboidal-> granulosa cells-> becomes primary follicle
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17
Q

thecal cells

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A
  • steroid producing cells
  • connective tissue on outside of granulosa differentiates into this
18
Q

primordial follicle

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A

soon after female is born, each primary oocyte in her ovaries becomes enclosed by a single layer of somatic cells

19
Q

follicular growth phase

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A
  • part of menstrual/estrus cycle when follicles mature
20
Q

ovarian cycle

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A

primordial follicle-> surrounded by granulosa cells-> differentiate into thecal cells
- then some periodically enter follicular growth phase_> inc granulosa cells, inc concentric layers around oocyte
- fully grown follicle cell with large oocyte, still arrested

21
Q

how many follicles mature fully per estrus/menstrual cycle

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A
  • one dominant follcle matures fully in most menstrual/estrus cycles-> grows large through mitosis of granulosa and thecal cells-> when follicular phase ends with LH surge, the oocyte of the dom follicle completes the first meiotic division-> one daughter cell becomes secondary oocyte that will be fertilized if mating is successful
  • Graafian Follicle
22
Q

antrum cavity

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A

filled with fluid, certain proteins, cAMP, hormones, etc.

23
Q

GnRH->

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A

FSH-> follicle growth (inc estrogen from cells around ova)
- inc estrogen-> initially pos feedback to inc FSH
- with higher estrogen= neg feedback to dec FSH but a pos feedback to inc LH
- inc LH-> pre-ovulatory surge of LH in response to high estrogen-> ovulation

24
Q

estrogen

Study These Flashcards
A

inc slowly in follicular phase, dramatic inc before ovulation
- estrogen causes pos feedback tof further FSH
- higher estrogen causes negative feedback and shut off of FSH and stimulation of LH
- estrogen also inc uterine mucosa to proliferate
- inc the blood vessels
- high estrogen- pre-ovulatory

25
during follicular phase...
LH and FSH levels remain flat until a few days before ovulation-> peak at ovulation-> LH acts on theca cells, FSH acts on granulosa cells-> lead to secretion of estrogen
26
pre-ovulatory surge of LH
- in response to high estrogen - causes: ovulation, also inc progesterone production by corpora luteum (tissue left behind)
27
LH binding to theca cells
cells are stimulated to produce androgens-> diffuse to granulosa cells
28
binding of FSH to granulosa cells
stimulates aromatase which converts androgens to estrogen - estrogen stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells-> pos feedback
29
increased progesterone
- causes germinal vesicle breakdown - resumption of meiosis 0 high levels will have negative feedback on LH and FSH - as LH dec, so does progesterone - dec in progesterone-> menstruation - causes FSH to be released for a new cycle
30
menses
bleeding (day 0-5)
31
follicular phase
around day 5-15 (aka proliferative phase) - endometrium undergoes rapid thickening and redevelops glands and circulatory vascularization - proliferation and growth due to FSH release-> FSH causes estrogen to be produced (stimulates follicle cells to grow)
32
corpus luteum
essential to establishing conditions that permit implantation and pregnancy - progesterone secreted in luteal phase prepares uterus for implantation, thickening of endometrium supports implantation and nourishment of embryo if fertilization occurs
33
luteal phase hormones
- day 15-29 (follows ovulation) - LH surge-> ovary begins to produce progesterone from corpora luteum - meiotic arrest is broken and germinal vesicle breakdown--> both are progesterone dependent - leads to one large duaghter cell and one polar body- both still encased by zona pellicida
34
ovulation
- about 10-12 hours after LH surge - physical mechanism to expel ovum
35
LH induces:
- inc collagenase, inc plasminogen activation, inc prostaglandin intensity (allows for smooth muscle contraction), can prevent ovulation by prohibiting prostaglandins (and hormones) at this stage - LH causes oocyte to complete its first meiotic division, causes granulosa cells to secrete progesterone, dec estrogen - initiates changes in granulosa cells and theca cells to form corpu luteum
36
luteal phase
- follows ovulation - from remaining follicle tissue - tissue fills with blood and becomes corpus luteum - CL produces primarily progesterone (and some estrogen) - CL maintained by LH
37
progesterone
- further stimulates uterine tissue growth and growth of additional blood vessels (progesterone at this point blocks implantation) - inhibits FSH (and so prevents maturation of additional follicles at this time) - lower progesterone has a positive feedback on LH (higher progesterone has a negative feedback on LH) - neg feedback results in degeneration of CL-> turns into corpa albican (stops producing progesterone) - progesterone is a good birth control pill because it prevents follicle maturation and pre-ovulatory LH surge - dec in progesterone-> menstruation, ability of FSH to start inc (for growth of another follicle)
38
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone - would maintain the CL following implantation
39
effects of estrogens
- affects ovulation by dec FSH and inc LH - inc growth and development of follicles - develops uterine mucosa (both in proliferative and secretory phase) - stimulates uterine smooth muscle (at birthing) - protein anabolic - behavioral effects-> makes females receptive to mating at ovulation - dec serum cholesterol - estrogen stimulates endometrial cells to produce receptor molecule for progesterone
40
secretory phase
- endometrium matures to point that it is fully ready to accept implantation of an embryo and provide the embryo with nutritive support during early post implantation development
41
effects of progesterone
- inhibits contraction of uterus - development of breasts - prevents midcycle burst of LH (pill) - maintains blood supply to myometrium - inhibits FSH - high progesterone during pregnancy, drops right before birth

Animal Physiology Final (3 decks)

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