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SCIR1F > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define Reproduction. (2)

A
  • Reproduction is the process of an organism giving rise to another individual of its own kind.
  • It is the most important thing to an organism.
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2
Q

Define a ‘spore’. (1)

A

A tiny cell copy, which may grow into a full individual in the right conditions.

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3
Q

Define sporulation. Who uses it? (2)

A
  • Reproduction using spores.
  • Often used by fungi.
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4
Q

Define parthenogenesis. (1)

A

In which an individual develops from an unfertilized egg.

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5
Q

Define binary fission. List examples. (2)

A
  • An existing organism splits equally into 2 new individuals.
  • Used by protists, bacterium, and simple animals (anemone).
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6
Q

Define budding. (1)

A

Similar to binary fission, but instead of dividing equally, the existing organism forms an identical, mini copy (bud). It stays attached until ready.

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7
Q

Define fragmentation. List examples. (3)

A
  • Reproducing through regeneration. When a piece breaks off the main body, it may become a new individual.
  • In plants, the piece must contain meristem
  • Fungi, sea stars, and planarian / flatworm use this.
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8
Q

List benefits of asexual reproduction (5).

A
  • Cheap (energetically)
  • Fast
  • No risk of exploitation or injury by a mate
  • No risk of disease
  • 100% of genes are passed down
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9
Q

Define asexual reproduction.

A

Reproduction without sex. The individual created will be identical to its parent.

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10
Q

Define sexual reproduction.

A

Reproduction with sex (beginning with two sources of cells).

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11
Q

How is a zygote made? What is it?

A

A cell (male sperm) fuses with another (female egg) to create a zygote. A zygote grows into a unique individual.

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12
Q

Describe how variation in a species can be beneficial with an example.

A

Imagine a population of planarium. A certain parasite found its way into one individual’s system. Because every individual in the species has the same system, parasites can repeat the same process to invade the entire species.

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13
Q

How is variation produced in sexual reproduction?

A

DNA is packaged in bars called homologous pairs (2 chromosomes). When a male and female reproduce, they donate one member from each homologous pair. Also, chromosomes are randomized.

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14
Q

Define Meiosis.

A

Similar to Mitosis, except after the DNA is replicated, the cell divides twice. Results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the usual chromosome number.

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15
Q

Define Haploid.

A

Cells with half the usual chromosome number. I.e., gametes.

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16
Q

Define Diploid.

A

Cells with the usual chromosome number. I.e, all cells in humans except gametes.

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17
Q

Define reproductive success.

A

Having offspring that have their own offspring. I.e., becoming a grandparent.

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18
Q

What are the major obstacles an organism must overcome to achieve reproductive success? (3)

A

1) Eggs must be fertilized
2) Fertilized eggs must develop and “hatch”
3) Offspring must reach reproductive age and reproduce

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19
Q

What is external fertilization? Where must it take place?

A
  • Fertilization occurring outside of the female’s body.
  • Requires a wet environment for sperm to swim to egg (i.e., ocean).
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20
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

Fertilization occurring inside the female’s body.

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21
Q

What is external development?

A

Laying eggs (oviparous animals)

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22
Q

What is internal development?

A

Giving live birth (viviparous animals)

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23
Q

Which animal groups use which fertilization/development methods? What are the exceptions?

A
  • Reptiles use internal fertilization and external development
  • Mammals use internal fertilization and internal development

EXCEPTIONS: some fish have internal fertilization and development, and some reptiles (mostly snakes) use internal development. Platypus (mammal) lay eggs.

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24
Q

What affects the survival of offspring?

A

How much care parents give offspring.

25
Q

How do plants allow their eggs and sperm to meet?

A

Water, wind, and insects carry the sperm.

26
Q

How do cone and flowering plants disperse the fertilized seeds?

A
  • Cone plants: Seeds can be carried by wind
  • Flowering plants: Seeds are housed in fruits.
27
Q

Define fruit. How does it help plants reproduce?

A

A plant that contains the seeds of a flowering plant.
- The seeds of a fruit are indigestible, so they will be pooped out, dispersing the seeds wherever the eater travels.

28
Q

Define gonads. (1)

A

The reproductive organs that produce gametes and various hormones.

29
Q

What do male gonads produce? What is it in human males? (1)

A

Male gonads produce sperm. In humans, it is the testicles / testes.

30
Q

What do female gonads produce? What is it in female humans? (2)

A
  • Female gonads produce eggs/ova.
  • In humans, it is the ovaries.
31
Q

Describe puberty in males. (3)

A
  • Occurs mid-to-late teens.
  • Brain begins releasing more Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • FSH signals brain to release testosterone, which develops male secondary sexual characteristics.
32
Q

Define “secondary sexual characteristics”. (1)

A

Signals to others of one’s sex and sexual maturity.

33
Q

List examples of male secondary sexual characteristics. (3)

A
  • More hair
  • Broadening of shoulders
  • Deeper voice
34
Q

Why are testes located in a sac? (1)

A

To produce healthy sperm, one needs a slightly cooler temperature than regular body temperature. Thus, testes are in the scrotum, separated from the main body cavity.

35
Q

What part of the testes is sperm produced in? (1)

A

Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules.

36
Q

What is the epididymus and what is its purpose? (1)

A

The epididymus is a 6-meter-long coiled tube which stores the sperm until needed.

37
Q

What is the vas deferens? (1)

A

A tube which carries the sperm out of the testes.

38
Q

Fluid from these glands mix with the sperm as they travel. (2)

A
  • Prostate
  • Paired Seminal Vesicles
39
Q

What is the purpose of the fluids from glands that mix with the sperm? (1)

A

The fluids help sperm swim and protect them from the acidity of the female vagina.

40
Q

What is semen? (1)

A

The mixture of sperm and the gland fluids.

41
Q

What is the urethra? What is its purpose? (3)

A
  • The urethra leads from the vas deferens through the entire penis.
  • Its purpose is to eject urine and semen.
  • A valve prevents urine and semen from going through at once.
42
Q

Describe puberty in females. (3)

A
  • Begins earlier than male puberty. (~year)
  • Starts with more FSH signalling for ovaries to begin releasing eggs.
  • FSH also signals the ovaries to release more estrogen, which develops secondary sexual characteristics.
43
Q

Describe female eggs. (3)

A
  • A female is born with all of her eggs already made (1-2 million)
  • Eggs are released in a regular cycle, the menstrual cycle.
  • Individual eggs are contained in structures called follicles.
44
Q

During ovulation, how may an egg develop into a baby? (1)

A

If fertilized in a certain period of time, it will develop into a baby.

45
Q

What is the difference between male and female urethras? (1)

A

The female urethra is entirely separated from the reproduction system anatomy.

46
Q

Define genetics. (1)

A

The study of heredity.

47
Q

Define heredity. (1)

A

Passing of traits from parents to offspring.

48
Q

Genes come in ____.

A

Genes come in alleles.

49
Q

What makes an individual “homozygous” for a trait? (1)

A

If an individual’s alleles for a trait are the same, they are homozygous (pure).

50
Q

What makes an individual “heterozygous” for a trait?

A

If an individual’s alleles for a trait are different, they are heterozygous (hybrid).

51
Q

Define genotype. Provide an example.

A

Genotypes are pairs of letters that represent an individual’s genetic makeup.
i.e., Xx, XX, XY

52
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele?

A

The dominant allele (capital letter) will always be the resulting trait if present.

53
Q

Define phenotype. Provide an example.

A

What the individual’s gene output actually is.
i.e. the phenotype for AA is having Type A blood.

54
Q

What is incomplete dominance? Provide an example.

A
  • A genotype in which neither allele is more dominant
    e.g., red(R) flowers and white(r) flowers are bred to make pink(Rr) flowers.
55
Q

What is co-dominance? Provide an example.

A
  • A genotype in which both alleles are dominant.
    e.g., Red(R) flowers are bred with white(W) flowers to make red and white(RW) flowers.
56
Q

How does a zygote become an embryo? (2)

A
  • The zygote begins to drift onto the uterus while dividing by mitosis.
  • ~6 days after fertilization, the zygote will be a few hundred cells large and is now an embryo.
57
Q

How does an embryo develop into a baby? (2)

A
  • The embryo grows inner and outer layers
  • The inner layers are the baby itself, while the outer layers are the placenta and umbilical cord
58
Q

What is the placenta? (3)

A
  • A temporary organ that supplies the baby with nutrients and gets rid of its waste.
  • It does this by being closely connected to the mother’s blood supply.
  • Connects to the baby through the umbilical cord.
59
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

He discovered fundamental laws of inheritance by experimenting with pea plants?

SCIR1F (6 decks)

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