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Animal Physiology 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • no distinct sex organs; no formation of gametes.
  • Eg fission, budding
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2
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • requires meiosis to produce gametes (egg and sperm)
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3
Q

Monoecious

A
  • both male and female sex cells produced in one organism.
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4
Q

Dioecious

A
  • Male and female sex cells produced by 2 different organisms with specialized reproductive tissues.
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5
Q

Formation Of Cocoon

A
  • sperm from each worm is transported to the seminal receptacles of the other along seminal grooves
  • After mutual copulation, each worm secretes a mucus tube and chitinous band to form a cocoon.
  • Cocoon passes forward and eggs, albumin, and sperm are poured into it.
  • Fertilization occurs in cocoon; cocoon slides off head end and closes.
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6
Q

Syngamy

A

Fertilization of one gamete by another organism

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7
Q

Autogamy

A

Fertilization of one gamete by the same organism

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Genetically identical cells or individuals called clones.
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9
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • A form of cell division in which the genome replicates and then the cell divides in two (eg bacteria).
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10
Q

Budding

A
  • Is forming a bud or protrusion, on an organism that eventually breaks off to form a new organism that is smaller than its parent.
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11
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • Splitting of one organism into pieces, each of which develops into a new individual.
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12
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • females produce eggs that are not fertilized by males but divide by mitosis and develop into new individuals.
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13
Q

The Life Cycle Of Aurelia Aurita

A
  • Gonads within gastric pouches
  • Fertilization is internal therefore Sperm must enter the gastric pouch
  • Zygote develops in water or oral arms
  • Scyphistoma: hydra like and can form buds of other polyps (asexual reproduction)
  • Strobilation: formation of repeating saucer like buds – Strobilla
  • Buds that break free are called ephyra
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14
Q

Resting “Eggs”

A

▪Encapsulated embryos ▪Drought-resistent, hatching at specific cues
▪Survival through time and space (up to 40 years!)

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15
Q

Phylum Rotifera: Reproduction (Male)

A
  • Dioecious
  • Males are unknown in many species
  • Instead, they reproduce via parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization of egg by male gamete
  • females produce diploid eggs by mitosis (no meiosis!)
  • each egg develops into a diploid female (2n)
  • Class Bdelloidea: exclusive asexual parthenogenesis – males never discovered
  • In this case, eggs are amictic (a = not; mictos = mixed)
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16
Q

Phylum Rotifera: Reproduction (Female)

A
  • Females of some species produce two kinds of eggs (heterogony: alternates asexual/sexual reproduction)
  • Eg. Class Monogonata (Most Rotifers)
17
Q

Amitic Eggs

A
  • Form diploid females by parthenogenesis.
18
Q

Mictic Eggs

A
  • Haploid eggs that have undergone meiosis.
19
Q

Reproduction and Regeneration in Echinodermata

A
  • Sexes separate in most species
  • Fertilization is external
  • Echinoderms can regenerate lost parts
  • Cast off injured arms and regenerate new ones
  • An arm can regenerate a new sea star if at least one-fifth of central disc is present
20
Q

Asteroid Larvae: Metamorphosis

A
  • Free-swimming larva, bipinnaria, has cilia arranged in bands
  • Undergoes metamorphosis into a radial juvenile
  • A/P axis (bilateral symmetry) is lost
  • Arms and tube feet appear, animal detaches from substrate and becomes a young sea star
21
Q

Brachiolaria

A
  • larval arms and anterior sucker
22
Q

Bird Reproduction

A
  • Testes are very small until the approach of the breeding season
  • enlarge 300x
  • Males of most species lack a penis
  • Mating involves bringing cloacal surfaces in contact
23
Q

Fertilization (Birds)

A
  • Fertilization takes place in the upper oviduct
  • Special glands add albumin or egg white to the
    egg as it passes down the oviduct
  • Farther down oviduct, the shell membrane, shell, and shell pigments are also secreted
24
Q

Mating Systems (Birds)

A

Over 90% of bird species are monogamous
* Only mate with one partner each breeding season
* In a few species, such as swans and geese, partners are chosen for life
- In monogamous birds, constant attendance to the nest may require two parents
However, songbirds may be “unfaithful,” engaging in extra-pair copulations
- Nests of many of the sespecies may contain 30% of young with fathers other than attendant male

25
Q

Newborn Birds

A
  • Altricial birds are naked and helpless at birth and must be fed in the nest for a week or more
  • Precocial birds are covered with down and run or swim as soon as they are hatched
26
Q

How Does A Polyandry (Bird) Mate?

A
  • One female mates with several males.
  • Practiced by several shorebirds, including spotted sandpipers.
  • Males incubate eggs and provide most parental care.
27
Q

Reproduction In Sponges

A
  • Can happen asexually and sexually.
  • Monoecious-hermaphroditic- have male and female sex cells, though produced at different times.
  • No gonads
    -cells transform into sperm and enter canal of another sponge
  • eggs formed from archaeocytes
  • Fertilization may take place in the mesohyl (ECM) to form a zygote and then larva.
  • some sponges release egg and sperm into the water and the zygote forms in the water.
28
Q

Sexual Reproduction In Sponges

A
  • Fertilized egg to blastula to free-swimming larva.
29
Q

Asexual Reproduction In Sponges

A

1) Fragmentation broken smaller piece forms new adult.
2) External or internal budding

30
Q

Gemmule

A
  • A dormant, encapsulated mass of archeocytes that waits until favorable conditions
  • Each archaeocytes of the gemmule can give rise to a whole new sponge
31
Q

Phylum Rotifera: Reproduction -

A
  • Dioecious
  • Males are unknown in many species
  • Instead, they reproduce via parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization of egg by male gamete
  • females produce diploid eggs by mitosis (no meiosis!)
  • each egg develops into a diploid female (2n)
  • Class Bdelloidea: exclusive asexual parthenogenesis – males never discovered
  • In this case, eggs are amictic (a = not; mictos = mixed)
32
Q

Nematode Reproduction

A
  • Fertilization is internal
  • sperm has no flagella in female reproductive tract sperm is ameboid and moves by pseudopods.
  • Shelled zygotes / embryos are stored in uterus until deposition.
33
Q

Male Reproductive System (Nematodes)

A
  • Most male nematodes have only a single testis attached to the vas deferent which expands into a seminal vesicle which connects to the cloaca.
  • Needle like mating spicules
  • spicules holds the vulva of a female open
  • ejaculatory muscles in the male overcome the hydrostatic pressure in the female
  • sperm rapidly injected
34
Q

Female Reproductive System (Nematode)

A
  • consists of a pair of ovaries attached to an oviduct
  • each oviduct becomes a tubular uterus, and the two uteri come together to form a vagina that opens to the outside through a genital pore.

Animal Physiology 2 (17 decks)

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