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reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gamete

A

is a haploid sex cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilised egg cell created when two gametes fuse
this makes it a diploid as it has 46 chromosomes

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3
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

more variation
less spread of disease due to variation
species can adapt to new environments due to variation

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4
Q

disatvantages

A

takes time and energy to find mates
difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce

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5
Q

characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

does not involve gametes
only one parent
osprings are genetically identical

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6
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

population can be increased rapidly if conditions are right
can exploit suitable environments quickly
more time and energy efficient
reproduction is completed much faster than in sexual reproducgion

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7
Q

disatvantages of asexual reproduction

A

limited genetic variation
vulnerable to changes in conditions
diseases more likely to affect whole popuñlation due to lack of variation

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8
Q

what does the ovule develop into after fertilisation?

A

a seed

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9
Q

what is a natural way of asexual reproduction in plants

A

runners

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10
Q

runners

A

Some plants grow side branches, known as runners, that have small plantlets at their ends
Runners are horizontal stems that grow sideways out of the parent plant
Once they touch the soil, these plantlets will grow roots and the new plantlets will grow and become independent from the parent plant

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11
Q

prostate glands

A

crates semen

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12
Q

sperm duct

A

sperm passes through sperm duct to be mixed with the fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra

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13
Q

urethra

A

tube running through the center of the pennis that can carry out urine or semen, it has a ring of muscle that prevents urine and semen from mixing

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14
Q

testis

A

stored in scrotum and they produce sperm and testosterone

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15
Q

scrotum

A

sac supporting the testes outside the body to ensure that sperm is kept at a temperature slightly lower than room tmeperature

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16
Q

penis

A

passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass to a vagina of a women during sexual intercourse

17
Q

oviduct

A

connect ovary to uterus and is lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it, fertilisation occurs here

18
Q

ovary

A

contains OVA (female gametes) which will mature and developed when hormones are released

19
Q

uterus

A

muscular bag with a soft lining where a fertilised egg (zygote) will develop into a foetus

20
Q

cervix

A

ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the foetus in place during pregnancy

21
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the inside of the wpmens body, where the males penis will enter during sexual intercourse and sperm are deposited

22
Q

how many days does thee menstrual cycle last for

A

28 days

23
Q

at what day does ovulation occur

A

day 14

24
Q

what causes menstruation

A

it occurs when failing to fertilise an egg, this is caused by the breakdown of the thickened lining of the uterus

25
Q

wht happens to the lining of the uterus after menstruation

A

it thickenes again for possible implantation in the next cycle

26
Q

levels of oestrogen during mentrual cycle

A

oestrogen levels rise form day 1 to peak just before day 14, when the egg is released

27
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

it thickens the uterus lining

28
Q

levels of progesterone during menstruation

A

progesterone levels are low from day 1 to 14 and start to rise once ovulation has occured

29
Q

placenta function

A

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby’s blood.

30
Q

effects of oestrogen

A

breast developement
body hair grows
menstrual cycle begins
hips get wider

biology (5 decks)

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