Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
__________ dictate all the processes involved with reproduction
A
- hormones
2
Q
What are the kinds of hormone delivery?
A
- endocrine: through blood to distant target
- neuroendocrine: stimulate nerves
- paracrine: to neighbor
- autocrine: to self
- pheromonal: excreted chemical factor that triggers social response
3
Q
What is supraphysiological stimulation?
A
- consistent high amounts of the same hormone can lead to internalization of hormone receptors
- ex: prolonged release GnRH used as contraceptive (causes ovulation in normal amounts)
- lots of hormone > downregulation > less/no receptors available > no sensitivity
4
Q
What are biochemical structures of hormones?
A
- steroids: cholesterol based
- peptides (proteins): smalll, easily broken
- glycoproteins: small, easily broken
- prostaglandins
5
Q
What hormones are produced in the pineal gland? Hypothalamus? Pituitary gland, ovary, testis, uterus?
A
- pineal gland: melatonin
- hypothalamus: GnRH
- pituitary gland: FSH, LH, prolactin, oxytocin
- ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin, testosterone, relaxin
- testis: testosterone, inhibin, estradiol (aromatized from T)
-uterus: prostaglandin F2 alpha
6
Q
What are features of estradiol?
A
- sexual behavior
- uterine development and function
- vaginal proliferation
- mediates ovulation surge of LH
7
Q
What are functions of progesterone?
A
- quiescence of uterus
- maintenance of pregnancy (5-a-diydroprogesterone in horses)
- produced by CL
- brain effects
8
Q
What are functions of testosterone?
A
- masculinization
- maturation and function of male reproductive tract
- produced by interstitial (leydig) cells
- spermatogenesis
- muscle mass, bone density (anabolic)
9
Q
What are functions of GnRH?
A
- produced by hypothalamus
- regulated by secretion of estrogens
- regulates synthesis and secretion of gonadtropins, LH, and FSH
10
Q
What are functions of FSH?
A
- produced by adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary
- females: recruits and stimulates follicular development
- males: act on sertoli cels to stimulate primary spermatocytes to undergo their first division of meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes
11
Q
What are functions of LH?
A
- produced by adenohypohysis/anterior pituitary
- female: follicular maturation and ovulation
- males: spermatogenesis
12
Q
What are functions of prostaglandins?
A
- PGF2a: luteolysis of CL
- PGE: maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares
13
Q
What are functions of oxytocin?
A
- produced by hypothalamus, released from neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary
- stimulates uterine contractions during labor
14
Q
What reproductive structures are formed by ectoderm?
A
- reproductive tract: caudal vagina and vestibule, penis/clitoris, mammary glands
15
Q
What reproductive structures are formed by mesoderm?
A
- gonads
- uterus, cervical, cranial vagina
- epididymus, ductus deferens, accessory sex glands
