Reproduction Flashcards
DNA
The genetic material in the cells.
Chromosomes
Chromatin compacted into visible structures.
Cell cycle
The life cycle of a eukaryotic cell.
Interphase
The part of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing.
Mitosis
Part of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides.
Do prokaryotes undergo or go through the process mitosis.
No, prokaryotic cells do not go through mitosis.
Cytokinesis
The division of the parent cell’s cytoplasm.
In what stage does a cell spend most of it times?
A cell spends most of its time in the interphase stage.
What happens during the prophase stage of mitosis?
The chromatin in the nucleus of a cell condenses and is visible under the microscope and the membrane around the nucleus breaks down.
In the prophase stage, what does the chromosomes consist of?
Each chromosome has two chromatids that are held together by a centromere.
What happens during the metaphase stage of mitosis?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell with the centromeres being the same distance from each side of the cell.
What happens during the anaphase stage of mitosis?
The chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell, with both sides of the cell having a complete set of chromosomes.
What happens during the telophase stage of mitosis?
During this last phase of mitosis, a new nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes.
What happens after mitosis?
After mitosis, cytokinesis results in two new cells and both new cells start the cycle again.
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that are found in pairs that have the same structure and size.
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that control the development of sexual characteristics.
Diploid
Cells with a pair of every chromosome.
Gametes
Sex cells
Haploid
Cells that contain half the number of chromosomes
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces haploid sex cells
Chromatid
Each half of a duplicated chromosome
Centromeres
What chromatids are connected to each other by
Asexual reproduction
When one organism produces one or more organism that is identical to itself
Mitiosis
A type of cell division that produces genetically identical cells
Binary Fission
The form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the parent organism splits in two, producing two new cells
Budding
When an organism develops tiny buds on it’s body that grow until it forms a new full size organism
Spores
A specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions that can be formed by prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Vegetative Reproduction
When new plants can grow from stems, roots or leaves
Sexual Reproduction
When two parents each contribute a sex cell to a new organism
Fertilization
when a sperm cell and an egg cell join together
Zygote
The new cell produced after fertilization
During meiosis I, what happens during Prophase I ?
The chromosomes are copied before meiosis starts. Each duplicated chromosome has two chromatids, pair up.
During meiosis I, what happens during metaphase I ?
After the nuclear membrane breaks down, the chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell.
During meiosis I, What happens during anaphase I ?
The chromosomes separate from their partners, and then move to opposite ends of the cell.
During Meiosis I, what happens during telophase I and cytokinesis?
The nuclear membranes re-form, and the cell divides into two cells. he chromatids are still joined.
During meiosis II, what happens in prophase II ?
The chromosomes are not copied again before meiosis II. The nuclear membrane breaks down.
During meiosis II, what happens during metaphase II ?
The chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell.
During meiosis II, What happens during anaphase II ?
The chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite sides of the cell.
During meiosis II, what happens during telophase II and cytokinesis?
The nuclear membranes re-form and the cells divide. Four new haploid cells are formed. Each has half the number of chromosomes.
