Reproduction

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

The production of offspring that does not involve the fusion of gametes

Question 2

Fragmentation

Answer 2

When a multicellular organism splits into pieces and each new piece develops into a new organism

Question 3

Give an example of an organism that reproduces using fragmentation

Answer 3

Starfish, marine worms, flatworms

Question 4

Budding

Answer 4

When an organism, such as yeast, forms a growth that develops into a new organism and then breaks off

Question 5

Give an example of an organism that reproduces using budding

Answer 5

Yeast and hydra

Question 6

Spores

Answer 6

Spores are haploid cells that can develop into a new organism

Question 7

Parthenogenesis

Answer 7

The development of an egg cell in the absence of fertilization

Question 8

Give an example of an organism that reproduces using parthenogenesis

Answer 8

Some lizards, birds and insects

Question 9

Vegetative reproduction

Answer 9

The growth of specialized plant tissue such as rhizomes, runners, tubers or bulbs that can grow into a new plant if it becomes separated from the parent plant

Question 10

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 10

Asexual reproduction produces clones, they are genetically identical, so the population has a low genetic diversity
This means that if the environment and selection pressures change e.g. new pathogen then all of the population of clones are likely to not survive

Question 11

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 11

Offspring genetically identical to parent so are well suited to a stable environment.
Does not require a mate.

Question 12

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 12

Sexual reproduction is the fusion of gametes to produce offspring that are genetically different.

Question 13

Give an advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction

Answer 13

Sexual reproduction allows there to be more genetic variation in the offspring so they are more likely to survive in a changing environment with different selection pressures.

However crossing over in Prophase I forming the gametes, could break apart beneficial allele combinations, and whilst the gametes will be varied, they may not be more likely to lead to survival.

Another disadvantage would be sexually transmitted diseases can pass between individuals in the population.

Question 14

Name the two types of cloning animals

Answer 14

Embryo splitting
Somatic cell nuclear transfer