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MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 groups of mammals?

A

prototherians

metatherians

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2
Q

what is another name for prototherians?

A

monotremes

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3
Q

protheterians include

A

duckbilled platypus

echidna (spiny anteater)

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4
Q

what term is used to define reproduction/development in which the mammals encase their developing embryos within hard-shelled amniotic eggs, and lay them to be hatched, like reptiles?

A

oviparity

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5
Q

what is another name for metatherians?

A

marsupials

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6
Q

metatherians include

A

kangaroos and koalas

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7
Q

how does reproduction/development work in metatherians?

A

the fetus undergoes some development in the mother’s uterus and then climbs its way out of the birth canal and into her marsupium/pouch.

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8
Q

what is another term used for metatherian fetus?

A

joey

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9
Q

what are the similar characteristics shared by mammals?

A
  • milk-producing mammary glands
  • 3 bones in middle ear, 1 in lower jaw
  • fur or hair
  • heterodant dentition (different kind of teeth)
  • both sebaceous (oil-producing) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
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10
Q

In animals, autosomal cells are said to be what?

A

diploid (2n)

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11
Q

what is a diploid cell?

A

a cell containing two copies of each chromosome.

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12
Q

what is the difference between germ cells and autosomal cells?

A

germ cells are haploid (1n) while autosomal cells are diploid (2n)

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13
Q

what is a haploid cell?

A

a cell containing only one copy of a chromosome.

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14
Q

how many autosomal and germ cells do humans have respectively?

A

46 and 23

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15
Q

how are chromosomes shared in a human offspring?

A

we inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent making a total of 46 (23 pairs)

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16
Q

through what do eukaryotes replicate?

A

the cell cycle

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17
Q

what is a cell cycle?

A

a specific series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.

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18
Q

what is the relation between cancer and the cell cycle?

A

derangement in the cell cycle might result in unchecked cell division which leads to cancer.

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19
Q

how many stages are seen in a cell cycle for actively dividing cells? Name them.

A
  1. G1, S, G2, M
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20
Q

what stages of the cell cycle are collectively known as interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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21
Q

what is the longest part of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

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22
Q

approximately how much time do actively dividing cells spend in the interphase?

A

~ 90%

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23
Q

in what phase do cells that are not actively diving stay?

A

an offshoot of G1 called G0.

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24
Q

describe a cell in the G0 phase.

A

the cell is simply living and serving its function without any preparation for division.

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25
Q

during interphase, individual chromosomes are not visible with the light microscope as they are in a less condensed form called

A

chromatin

26
Q

why are the chromosomes in less condensed form (chromatin)

A

for DNA to be available to RNA polymerase for transcription.

27
Q

why is it preferable to have DNA into tightly coiled chromosomes during mitosis?

A

to avoid losing any genetic material during cell division

28
Q

what do cells do in the G1 stage?

A

they create organelles for energy and protein production (mitochondria, ribosomes, ER) while also increasing in size.

29
Q

passage into the S phase from the G1 phase through the restriction point requires what?

A

the cell containing the proper complement of dna

30
Q

What is another name for S phase?

A

Synthesis phase

31
Q

what is another name for G1 phase?

A

Presynthetic Gap

32
Q

what is another name for G2 phase?

A

Postsynthetic Gap

33
Q

what happens during the S phase?

A

the cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies.

34
Q

after replication, each chromosome consists of

A

two identical chromatids.

35
Q

sister chromatids are bound together at a specialized region known as the

A

centromere

36
Q

what happens during the G2 phase?

A

it’s a quality control checkpoint in which the cell checks that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm to divide between the two daughter cells, and equally check to make sure dna replication proceeded correctly to avoid passing an error to daughter cells.

37
Q

What is another name for the M phase?

A

Mitosis

38
Q

The M phase consists of what two processes?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

39
Q

mitosis is divided into what 4 phases?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

40
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

it is the splitting of organelles and the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

41
Q

what is the purpose of the G1/S checkpoint?

A

the cell determines if the dna is in good enough condition for synthesis

42
Q

a checkpoint during cell cycle is also known as

A

restriction point

43
Q

the main protein in control of checking dna is in good condition and does not need repair is

A

p53

44
Q

what is the purpose of the G2/M checkpoint?

A

the cell ensures size is adequate and organelles have been properly replicated to support two daughter cells.

45
Q

what are the molecules responsible for the cell cycle?

A

cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

46
Q

how do cyclins and CDK impact the cell cycle?

A

cyclins bind to CDK, creating an activated CDK-cyclin complex which can then phosphorylate transcription factors.

47
Q

what gene produces p53?

A

TP53

48
Q

what happens when TP53 gene is mutated?

A

the cell cycle doesn’t stop to repair damage, cancer may follow

49
Q

the distant spread of cancerous cells through the bloodstream or lymphatic system is termed

A

metastasis

50
Q

what is mitosis?

A

process by which two daughter cells are created from a single cell

51
Q

in what type of cells does mitosis occur/

A

in somatic cells, cells that do not undergo sexual reproduction.

52
Q

what is the first phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

53
Q

what’s the first step in prophase?

A

the condensation of chromatin into chromosome

54
Q

what structure is responsible for correct division of dna?

A

the pair of centrioles located outside the nucleus in the centrosome

55
Q

once centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell, what do they start to form?

A

spindle fibers

56
Q

what are spindle fibers made of?

A

microtubules

57
Q

what are the two microtubule organizing centers of the cell

A
  • centrosome

- basal body of cilia or flagella

58
Q

what do some microtubules form that help them anchor to the cell membrane?

A

asters

59
Q

describe metaphase

A

centriole pairs are now at opposite ends of the cell, kinetochore fibers interact with spindle fibers to align chromosomes at the metaphase (equatorial) plate which is equidistant between the two poles of the cell.

60
Q

describe anaphase.

A

the centromeres splits so that each chromatid has its own distinct chromosome, the sister chromatids pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell by shortening of kinetochores fibers

MCAT Biology (2 decks)

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