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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the contents of the male inguinal canal

A

3NAF and 4 others

  • 3nerves
    • ilioinguinal nerve
    • genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
    • sympathetic nerve fibres
  • 3 arteries
    • testicular artery
    • cremasteric artery
    • artery to the vas def
  • 3 fascial layers
    • external spermatic fascia -derived from external oblique aponeurosis
    • cremasteric muscle and fascia
    • internal cremasteric fascia - derived from transversalis fascia.
  • 4 others
    • pampiniform venous plexus
    • lymph
    • vas deferens
    • processus vaginalis
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2
Q

what are the contents of the female inguinal canal

A

round ligament of the the uterus

ilioinguinal nerve

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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3
Q

name the layers which the inguinal canal travels through i.e. the layers of the spermatic cord

A

external spermatic fascia - derived from the external oblique aponeurosis

cremasteric muscle and fascia

internal spermatic fascia - derived from the transversalis fascia

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4
Q

what are the deep and superficial inguinal rings apertures of

A

deep = the opening of the inguinal canal = in the transversalis fascia

superficial = exit of the canal = in the external oblique aponeurosis

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5
Q

roughly how long is the inguinal canal

A

5cm

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6
Q

what are the contents of the spermatic cord

A
  • 3 nerves
    • genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
    • ilioinguinal nerve
    • sympatheic nerve fibres
  • 3 arteries
    • cremasteric artery
    • artery to the vas deferens
    • testicular artery
  • others
    • lymphatics
    • pampiniform venous plexus
    • processus vaginalis
    • vas deferens
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7
Q

what forms the anterior border of the inguinal canal

A
  • external oblique aponeurosis

[laterally the border is the internal oblique muscle]

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8
Q

what forms the posterior border of the inguinal canal

A
  • transversalis fascia

[medially its the internal oblique and transversalis fascia aponeuroses]

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9
Q

what forms the floor of the inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament

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10
Q

what forms the roof of the inguinal canal

A
  • transversalis fascia
  • fibres of internal oblique muscle and transveraslis abdominis muscle
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11
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis

A

a sac derived from peritoneum surrounding the testes

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12
Q

what are the testes and their function

A

the testes are the male reporductive organ

they produce spermatozoa and secrete testosterone

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13
Q

what surrounds the testes

A
  • the same layers of the spermatic cord
    • external spermatic fascia
    • cremasteric muscle and fascia
    • internal spermatic fascia
  • tunica vaginalis
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14
Q

what is the epididymis and its function

A

a coiled tube on the border of the testis

provide storage for spermatozoa

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15
Q

where does the vas deferens start and travel to

A

starts at the bottom of the epididymis

travels up alongside the testis into to the spermatic cord

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16
Q

where do the testicular arteries branch from

A

the abdominal aorta

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17
Q

describe the venous drainage from the testes and epididymis

A
  • the pampiniform plexus coalesces to the testicular veins
    • the right testicular vein drain directly into the IVC
    • the left drains into the the left renal vein
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18
Q

describe the primary structure of the penis

A
  • 3 cylinders of erectile tissue
    • 2 corpora cavernosa dorsally
    • 1 corpus spongiosum ventrally
      • both wrapped in bucks fascia
  • glans penis at the tip which is an extension of the corpus spongiosum
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19
Q

what is buck’s fascia

A

deep fascia surrounding the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

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20
Q

what is the end of the penis called and what is is composed of

A

glans penis

corpus spongiosum

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21
Q

where does the urethra travel through and what does it carry

A

corpus spongiosum

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22
Q

describe the arterial supply to the penis

A
  • penile arteries
    • a branch of the internal pudendal arteries
      • which are branches of the internal iliac arteries
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23
Q

describe the innervation of the penis

A
  • s2-s4
  • sympathetic innervation →ejaculation
  • parasympathetic → erection
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24
Q

describe a male erection

A
  • parasympathetic → erection
  • blood engorges the corpora cavernosa → erection
  • blood also fills corpus spongiosum but to a lesser extent
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25
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum’s role during erection

A

to prevent the urethra from being compressed which would prevent ejaculation

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26
Q

what are the main nerves of the pelvis

A
  1. sciatic nerve
  2. pudendal nerve
  3. superior and inferior gluteal nerves
  4. pelvic splanchnic nerve
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27
Q

what muscles make up the pelvic floor

A
  1. coccygeus
  2. levator ani
    1. pubococcygeus
    2. iliococcygeus
    3. puborectalis
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28
Q

what is the perineum

A

the region between the medial surfaces of the thighs and the between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx

directly beneath the pelvic floor muscles

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29
Q

what are the triangles of the perineum

A

urogenital

anal

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30
Q

layers of the urogenital triangle

A
  • skin
  • perineal fascia
  • superficial perineal pouch
  • perineal membrane
  • deep perineal pouch
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31
Q

what lies between the triangles of the perineum and what does it do

A
  • perineal body
  • acts as an attachment point for several perineal and pelvic floor muscles
32
Q

similarities between the clitoris and penis

A
  • both have corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa tissue
  • both sets of tissue become engorged with blood
33
Q

what is the bulb of the penis

A
  • an expansion of the corpus spongiosum that lies on the pernieal membrane
34
Q

what is the bulb of the vestibule

A
  • an expansion of the corpus spongiosum flanks the vaginal opening and lies on the pernieal membrane
35
Q

what are the male organs of reproduction

A
  1. paired testes
  2. epididymis
  3. vas def
  4. seminal vesicles
  5. prostate
  6. bulbourethral glands
  7. ejaculatory ducts
  8. penis
36
Q

describe the pathway of the vas deferentia

A
  • up alongside the testes from the lower pole of the epididymis
  • through the spermatic cord
  • entry into the pelvis
  • travels behind the bladder where each vas def widens into an ampulla medial to the seminal vesicle
  • ampulla then joins the seminal vesicle duct to form the ejaculatory duct
  • ejaculatory duct pierces through the prostate gland to join the prostatic urethra
37
Q

structure, location and function of the seminal vesicle

A
  • lobulated sac 4cm long
  • lateral to the ampulla of the vas def
  • secretes thick alkaline fluid that forms the bulk of semen
38
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct and how does it travel

A
  • the seminal duct and the vas def join together → the ejaculatory duct
  • pierces through the prostate gland to join the prostatic urethra
39
Q

structure, location and function of the prostate gland

A
  • spherical fibromuscular gland
  • directly beneath the bladder by the neck of the bladder
    • pierced by the urethra and the ejaculatory duct
  • secretes stuff into the seminal fluid
40
Q

describe pathway of the urethra

A
  • starts at the bladder and pierces into the prostate → prostatic urethra
    • ejaculatory duct joins the Prostatic Urethra within the prostate
  • becomes the membranous urethra as it passes through some membrane
  • as it enters the penis → penile urethra
  • penile urethra widens towards the opening in the glans = navicular fossa
41
Q

describe the arterial supply of the prostate gland, seminal vesicle and vas def

A

all supplied by branches of the internal iliac artery

42
Q

structure of the uterus and what does it communicate with

A
  • pear shaped hollow muscular organ
  • communicates with ovaries laterally via the fallopian tubes and the vagina inferiorly via the cervix
43
Q

divisions of the uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
44
Q

what is the broad ligament

A
  • a double folding of peritoneum that attaches to the sides of the uterus and the fallopian tubes
45
Q

what is the pouch of douglas

A
  • the space behind the uterus but infront of the rectum
  • deepest point of the peritoneal cavity - common site for collection of fluid or pus
46
Q

sections of the cervix

A
  • internal os - communicates with uterus
  • external os - communicates with vagina
47
Q

where does fertilisation of an ovum occur

A

the fallopian tubes

48
Q

location of the fallopian tubes

A

either side of the uterus and run in the upper border of the broad ligament

49
Q

structure of the fallopian tubes

A
  • medially near the uterus = the isthmus
  • in the middle of the tube = ampulla which widens slightly
  • laterally near the ovary = infundibulum which is funnel shaped
50
Q

location and attachments of the ovaries

A
  • location can vary but normally found in the ovarian fossa in the angle between the internal and external iliac arteries
  • attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
51
Q

describe the arterial supply to the ovaries

A

the ovarian artery - a direct branch from the abdominal aorta

[just below the branch of the renal arteries]

52
Q

where does the vagina lie

A
  • upper ⅔ lies in the pelvic caivity
  • lower ⅓ lies in the perineum
53
Q

what is the arterial blood supply for the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina

A
  • branches of the internal iliac artery
  • EXCEPT the ovaries which are supplied by the ovarian arteries - a branch of the abdominal aorta
54
Q

what is the vulva

A
  • all of the external female genitalia
55
Q

describe the blood supply to the vulva

A

internal pudendal arteries - a branch of the internal iliac artery

56
Q

describe the innervation to the vulva

A
  1. ilioinguinal nerve
  2. genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
  3. pudendal nerve
  4. posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
57
Q

what is the processus vaginalis

A

a layer of peritoneum that travels with the testis when they descend from the abdomen

58
Q

blood supply to and from the bladder

A
  • vesical arteries - branch of the internal iliac arteries
  • vesical veins - drain into internal iliac veins
59
Q

purpose of the bladder

A

storage of urine

expulsion of urine during micturition -squeezes wee out

60
Q

the bladder never extends beyond the pubic symphysis

T/F

A

False

when full the bladder can expand abpve the pubic symphysis

61
Q

how much urine roughly can be stores in the bladder

62
Q

what is the trigone of the bladder

A
  • the ureters enter the bladder at the base on either side and the urethra exits centrally = trigone within the fundus
63
Q

how is reflux of urine into the ureters minimised

A

the ureters enter the bladder at an angle which forms a rudimentary valve that reduces reflux when the bladder is full

64
Q

how is the bladder able to expand without tearing

65
Q

what is the muscle of the bladder called

what type of muscle is it

A

detrusor

smooth muscle

66
Q

how is the release of urine controlled

A

by 2 sphincters

  • internal and external urethral sphincters
67
Q

where is the internal sphincter located

type of muscle

voluntary or involuntary control

A
  • at the base of the bladder where it opens up into the urethra
  • composed of smooth muscle
  • involvuntary control
68
Q

where is the external sphincter located

type of muscle

voluntary or involuntary control

A
  • location varies in males and females
    • males= just after the prostate gland
    • females = in the deep perineal pouch
  • skeletal muscle
  • voluntary control
69
Q

describe the innervation of the bladder

A
  • ParaSympathetic – Pelvic Splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
  • SympathetiC – HypogastriC (T12-L2)
  • Somatic Motor – Pudendal (S2-S4)
70
Q

what are the effects of somatic innervation on the bladder and urethral sphincters

A

allows conscious control of the external sphincter

71
Q

what are the effects of sympathetic innervation on the bladder and urethral sphincters

A
  • relaxes the detrusor muscle and contracts the internal sphincter → urine storage
72
Q

what are the effects of parasympathetic innervation on the bladder and urethral sphincters

A
  • contracts the detrusor and relaxes the internal sphincter → initiation of micturition

[paralyses the internal sphincter]

73
Q

what are the divisions of the male urethra

A

pre-prostatic → prostatic → membranous. → penile

74
Q

summarise the bladder stretch reflex arc

A
  1. the bladder fills and stretches, activating stretch receptors
  2. info is sent from the bladder to the sacral spinal cord via visceral afferent fibres
  3. these fibres synapse directly onto motor neurones → contraction of the detrusor and relaxation of the internal sphincter
  4. info is also sent to the brain to inform of bladder filling so you become aware of the need to wee
    1. this is why injury to the spine can lead to incontinence as the brain no longer gets that info.
75
Q

what is the pectinate line

A
  • the division between the superior and inferior parts of the anal canal
    • important as it also defines where the hindgut → ectoderm
76
Q

blood supply of the anal canal

A
  • hind gut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery branch - superior rectal artery.
  • ectoderm is supplied by internal iliac artery branches -middle and and inferior rectal atreries.
77
Q

. The micturition cycle has two distinct phases, storage and voiding. What is the primary event in the switch from storage to voiding?

A

Relaxation of the urethral sphincter

my phase 1 (11 decks)

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