Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is reproduction? What is it necessary?

A

The biological process in which every living organism give birth to young ones of their own kind. It is necessary as it ensures the ensures the existence of a kind of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Asexual reproduction.

A
  1. It involves only a single parent.
  2. The entire process takes less energy and less time.
  3. Population can increase faster.
  4. Involves less variation.
  5. The species is vulnerable to change in the environment.
  6. It does not lead to evolution.
  7. eg; Amoeba, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Sexual reproduction.

A
  1. It involves 2 parents.
  2. The entire process takes more energy and more time.
  3. Population can increases relatively slower to asexual reproduction.
  4. Involves more variation.
  5. The species is adapt to change in the environment.
  6. It does lead to evolution.
  7. eg; Humans, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the types of asexual reproduction.

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Spore Formation
  4. Fragmentation
  5. Regeneration
  6. Vegetative Propagation
  7. Tissue Culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Fission.

A

Fission means making multiple things from a single thing. In fission, a organism divides itself to form multiple organisms.
There are 2 types of fission -
1. Binary fission - division of single cell into 2 cells
2, Multiple fission - division of single cell into multiple cells

eg; Amoeba, Paramecium, Clamydomonas, Leishmania, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 2 organisms which reproduce by multiple fission.

A

paramecium and clamydomonas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 2 organisms which reproduce by multiple fission.

A

paramecium and clamydomonas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe budding.

A

An organisms of a particular specie produces bud on its own body and when the bud fully grows, it detaches from the parent and exist as a single specie. eg; Hydra, yeast, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Spore formation.

A

Parent organism generates thousands of spores which individually grow into plants. These spores are covered by that organism, it protects them
from unfavourable conditions like drought . high temperatures, etc. until they come in contact with another moist surface.
eg; Rhizopus, Mucor, etc;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Fragmentation.

A

A part of the parent breaks off and develops into an entirely new but genetical identical individual. There are no regenerative cells present as such. eg; Spirogyra, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Regeneration.

A

The regrowth of a damaged or missing part from the remaining tissue. They have specialized regenerative cells. eg; Planaria , etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Regenerative cells are involved in the process of _________ reproduction but are not involved in the process of _________ reproduction.

A

Regeneration, Fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Vegetative propagation. Also describe the 2 methods of development of an organism through vegetative propagation

A

The children produced through Vegetative propagation are genetically similar. There are 2 methods of vegetative propagation -

  1. Natural Development
    - There are many plants in which parts like the root, stem and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate condition.
    - Plants raised by Vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
    - eg; Sweet potato grown through root, Potato grown through stem, Bryophyllum grown through leaves, etc.
  2. Artificial Development
    - Artificially, organisms are developed by methods such as - cutting (eg; rose), grafting (eg; mango) and layering (eg; Jasmine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is grafting?

A

Mixing different varieties which will bear a result of mixed variety. It is an artificial method of Vegetative propagation. eg’ Mango

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the advantages of vegetative propagation.

A
  1. Each child is an identical clone of the parent plant.
  2. It is the only way to reproduce sterile [organisms not able to produce child] varieties such as vitis vinifera.
  3. It speeds up to maturity much quicker.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the disadvantages of vegetative propagation.

A
  1. Little chance of new varieties arising and monocultures are susceptible to diseases.
  2. It requires skilled labor and aftercare. Therefore, is expensive.
  3. Each plant has to be individually propagated.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Tissue culture and state its advantages also.

A

New plants are gown by removing tissue from the growing tip of a plant. This tissue is then placed in an artificial medium where it divide rapidly to form a small group of cells or callus.

This callus is then transferred to another medium containing hormones for growth and differentiation. The plantlets are then placed in the soil so that they can grow as mature plants.

Advantages -

  1. Many plants can be grown from one plant in disease-free conditions. This technique is commonly used for ornamental plants.
  2. It is a very fast technique of growing plants
  3. Plants grown are prone to diseases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ is the information source for protein making.

A

DNS (deoxyribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are genes?

A

Chromosomes inside nucleus contain information regarding the children to be formed in the form of DNA. This information is known as genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does a new born cell die?

A

Some of the variation made by DNA in making proteins does not work with the cell apparatus. In this situation, the cell dies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How DNA variation is important?

A

It is important as it helps the new organism in adapting its environment well, evolving and is more resistance against diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

___________ has a whip like structure at one end of the cell.

A

Leishmania (which causes Kala-azar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When the male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form zygote. This process is called fertilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe Receptacle

A

It is beneath the flower. It supports the weight of fruit/flower and connects flower to the stalk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe Sepal.

A

It acts as a protective cover when the flower was bud and its also does photosynthesis. A group of sepals is called calyx.

25
Q

A group of sepals is called ________ .

A

Calyx

26
Q

Describe petal.

A

It is colorful, has fragnance and it has a juice inside it called nectar. It attracts insects and birds, so that they can help in the process of pollination by transferring pollen grains.

27
Q

State the 2 part of a flowering plant.

A
  1. Vegetative part
    - It contains root, stem. leaves
    - If the plant reproduces through this part, then the process is called asexual reproduction.
  2. Reproductive part
    - IT contains flower and seeds.
    - If the plant reproduces through this part, then the process is called sexual reproduction.
28
Q

The female part of a plant is __________ which is also called _______ and ________.

A

Pistil, Carpel, Gynoecium

29
Q

What are bisexual flower?

A

Flowers whose both male and female part is present inside one body are called bisexual flowers. eg; Hibiscus, etc.

30
Q

What are unisexual flowers?

A

In unisexual flowers, only 1 part (male or female) is present inside one body. eg; watermelon, papaya, etc.

31
Q

Stamen is also called __________ .

A

Androecium

32
Q

State the parts of stamen and pistil.

A

Parts of stamen -

  1. Anther
  2. Filament

Parts of pistil-

  1. Stigma
  2. Style
  3. Ovary
  4. Ovule
  5. Female gamete
33
Q

Describe the steps of sexual reproduction in plants.

A
  1. Pollination
    - Pollination is the act of transferring of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
    - When some carriers (water, wind, insects, birds ….) get a pollen grain stick on their body as the grain has spikes on it, and when they sit on the stigma of a pistil, as the stigma is sticky,, it sticks the pollen grain from the body of insect to their own body.
    - There are 2 types of pollinations :
    1. Self pollination : when pollen grain gets transferred from the anther
      to stigma of the same flower.
    2. Cross pollination : when pollen grain gets transferred from the
      anther to the stigma of different flower
  2. Fertilisation
    - When a pollen grain sticks on the stigma, then a pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain to the female gamete, when the pollen tube grows to the female gamete, then the male gamete goes to the female gamete and fusion happens
    - Angiosperms are those plants which can bear both flower and fruit (inside the carpel of the flower).
    - By fertilisation, male and female gamete fuses with one another to form a zygote.
34
Q

Describe germination.

A

The seed which contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions. This process is called germination.

35
Q

State the parts of a seed and also state which part of a plant will they become in the future.

A
  1. Radicle —> becomes future root
  2. Plumule —> becomes future shoot
  3. Cotyledon —> stores food
36
Q

What is copulation?

A

When a male introduces sperms into a female’s body by penis to vagina then that process is called copulation.

37
Q

At puberty , _____________________ sexual characters are developed in males and females.

A

secondary

38
Q

State all the parts of human male reproductive system

A
  1. Testes
  2. Scrotum
  3. vas deferens
  4. urethra
  5. prostrate gland and seminal vesicle
39
Q

State the part of human female reproductive system.

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Fallopian tube
  3. Uterus
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
40
Q

Describe Testes.

A
  • A human male has 2 testes. They are the primary reproductive organs in males.
  • They are responsible for the formation of sperms.
  • They also secrete a hormone called testosterone which regulates the formation of sperms and is also responsible for the changes in appearance during the time of puberty.
  • Testes start producing sperms when body hits puberty.
41
Q

Describe Scrotum.

A
  • The testes lie in a brown sac called scrotum which is outside the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity contains organs such as stomach, intestine, liver, bladder, kidneys, etc.
  • Sperms are produced inside this scrotum by testes and sperm production requires a lower temperature than the body, that’s why the temperature of scrotum is lower than the temperature of the body and it is located outside the body.
42
Q

Describe Vas deferens.

A

Sperms which are produced by the testes are carried by vas deferens and then through urethra, these sperms further reach the site of fertilisation.

43
Q

Describe Urethra.

A

IT is the common passage for both urine and sperms.

44
Q

Describe Prostrate gland.

A

Prostrate gland secretes milky fluid that helps in sperm mobility. It also provides nourishment to the sperm.

45
Q

Describe seminal Vesicle.

A

Seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes the semen when mixed with sperm.

46
Q

Describe Ovaries.

A
  • These are oval shaped glands which are small and are located on both ides of uterus. Ovaries produce hormones and eggs. It is present inside the abdominal cavity.
  • It produce hormones - estrogen and progesterone.
  • they consist of many immature eggs. Then they start to mature on reaching puberty.
  • Estrogen bring change in female body during puberty.
  • Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
47
Q

Describe fallopian tubes.

A
  • they are narrow tubes which are attached to the upper portion of the uterus. They acts as tunnels for the egg cells.
  • they transport egg cells from ovaries to the uterus.
  • They are also called oviducts.
48
Q

oviducts are also called ________________.

A

fallopian tubes

49
Q

Describe uterus.

A
  • It is a pear shaped hollow organ which is home for developing a zygote.
  • The uterus separates into 2 parts - the cervix and the corpus. The corpus easily enlarges for holding a developing baby. The uterus open into vagina through cervix
50
Q

Describe Vagina.

A

It is a canal which joins the cervix to the external portion of the body.
It is also called to birth canal. Penis enters through vagina for fertilisation.

51
Q

Describe the process of reproduction in Humans.

A
  1. Vagina receives sperms cells during copulation by penis.
  2. sperms are carried through cervix and then they enter the uterus.
  3. After that. the sperms enter the fallopian tube.
  4. the egg that is released by the ovary is present in the oviduct. Then, the released egg also travels some distance in order to reach to the sperms in the oviduct.
  5. Millions of sperms race towards the egg, Only the fittest sperm cell fuses with the egg and forms a zygote.
  6. Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct and zygote is formed
  7. Zygote which is one cell divides itself to form embryo which has many cells.
  8. the inner lining of uterus gets thicken and is richly supplied with blood vessels so that it can nourish the embryo.
  9. After the implantation of embryo. a special tissue called Placenta develops between uterus wall and embryo. The embryo gets all the nourishment through placenta.
  10. On the embryo side, placenta has villi to provide nourishment and on the mother side, placenta has blood spaces. Through blood in the blood spaces, oxygen and glucose are passed on to the body. Waste materials are removed through placenta.
52
Q

Describe Placenta.

A
  • It is a disc like structure embedded in the uterus walls.
  • After the implantation of embryo. a special tissue called Placenta develops between uterus wall and embryo. The embryo gets all the nourishment through placenta.
  • On the embryo side, placenta has villi to provide nourishment and on the mother side, placenta has blood spaces. Through blood in the blood spaces, oxygen and glucose are passed on to the body. Waste materials are removed through placenta.
53
Q

What does reproductive healthy mean?

A

Reproductive health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well being in all matters related to reproduction

54
Q

What are Sexually transmitted diseases? How can they be prevented?

A

-There exists many communicable diseases which spread by sexual contact during intercourse.
eg; Bacterial diseases such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis and Viral diseases like HIV [Human immunodeficiency Virus], Warts.

  • Using a covering called condom during sexual intercourse can prevent sexually transmitted diseases to some extent.
55
Q

What are contraception Methods? Describe a few of them.

A
  • Any approach used to prevent the conception of unwanted pregnancy refers to contraception. Major contraception methods are barrier methods, surgical and chemical methods.
  1. Barrier methods - they are the physical devices that prevent contraception by inhibiting the entry of sperms in the female genital tract. eg; condoms, diaphrams, cervical caps, Copper-T, etc,
  2. Surgical methods - They include vasectomy which blocks vas deferens to prevent sperms from coming out in males and tubectomy which blocks fallopian tubes to prevent the entry of eggs in fallopian tubes in females.
  3. Hormonal methods - They include any hormonal preparation that serves to alter the hormonal balance of the body to prevent egg maturation or fertilization, eg; oral and vaginal pills.
  4. Chemical methods - They contain spermicides which kills the sperms, therefore, preventing the fertilisation.
56
Q

What is vasectomy and tubectomy?

A
  • Vasectomy blocks vas deferens to prevent sperms from coming out in males
  • Tubectomy block the fallopian tubes to prevent the entry of eggs in it in females.

-> Both are surgical contraceptive methods.

57
Q

What is puberty?

A

Puberty is the age when the general body growth rate begins to slow down and reproductive tissues begins to mature as sex hormones are produced.

58
Q

What happens when the egg is not fertilised in humans?

A
  • The ovary releases egg every month. If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day.
  • So uterus prepares itself for the egg every month and the inner lining of uterus becomes thick and spongy for providing nutrition to the fertilised egg (zygote).
  • If no fertilistion takes place, then the thick and spongy lining is not needed anymore, So, it will slowly break and come out of vagina as blood and mucous.
  • It last for 2-8 days and takes place around every month.
  • THis cycle takes place and is known as menstruation.
59
Q

State the changes in boys during puberty?

A
  1. Growing of thick darker hair in new parts of the body such as armpits and the genetial area between thighs
  2. Thinner hair grows on arms, legs and face.
  3. The skin frequently becomes oily and develops pimples.
60
Q

State the changes in girls during puberty?

A
  1. Breast size begins to increase.
  2. Darkening of nipples at the tip of breasts.
  3. start of menstruation.
61
Q

Why are contraceptive methods used?

A
  1. TO avoid pregnancy.

2. To avoid sexually transmitted diseases.

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions