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Biology - Mod 5 Hereditary > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Reproduction

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3
Q

Reproduction

A

allows the survival of a species from on generation to the next

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4
Q

What are the two types of reproductions?

A

Asexual and Sexual reproduction

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Production of identical offspring from just ONE PARENT
  • produces individuals by Mitosis
  • Individuals are genetically identical (unless mutation occurs)
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6
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A

Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Spore formation, Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

Binary fission

A

Equal division of parent cell into two new cells

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8
Q

Binary fission example

A

Bacteria and protozoans

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9
Q

Budding

A

Division of cytoplasm is unequal; new organism grows on parent before breaking away

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10
Q

Budding example

A

Yeast, Hydra and Protists

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11
Q

Fragmentation

A

Part of the organism breaks off and regenerates into a new individual

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12
Q

Fragmentation Example

A

Animals such as flatworks, marine worms and Echinoderms

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13
Q

Spore formation

A

Spores released into environment and germinate to new individuals

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14
Q

Spore formation example

A

Many plants, including flowering plants

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15
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Type of cloning that results in the formation of new individuals from a utilized egg. Offsprings are clones of the female parent.

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16
Q

Parthenogenesis example

A

insect species like bees and ants and birds.

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Involves mixing of genetic information from 2 parents
  • Involves the union male and female gametes (egg and sperm) to form an individual
  • Most unicellular organisms, including humans reproduce sexually
  • Gametes are formed by meiosis
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18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Asexual reproduction

A

Advantage - a lot faster than Sexual reproduction
Disadvantage - If conditions are unfavourable (climate change or cannot adapt to conditions) then all individuals are vulnerable and could die

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19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Sexual reproduction

A

advantage sexual reproduction is the genetic variation, which provides a survival advantage to a species in changing environmental conditions.

Disadvantages - it requires more energy, need to find a mate and it may be limited to certain times of the year (seasonal dependence)

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20
Q

External fertilisation

A

occurs when a male’s sperm fertilises a female’s egg outside the female’s body. This reproduction method is common to aquatic animals like fish and sea urchins. Eggs do not need to be carried inside a parent, and thousands of eggs can be fertilised at a time. However, the developing young are exposed to environment, many do not survive

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21
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

When a male deposits sperm directly into a female’s reproductive tract. This is a feature of many terrestrial animals like birds and mammals.

22
Q

External fertilisation - Gametes

A

large numbers of male and female gametes produced

23
Q

Internal fertilisation - Gametes

A

Large number of male gametes and fewer female gametes

24
Q

External fertilisation - union

A

occurs in open water environments

25
Q

Internal fertilisation - union

A

mostly on land, inside the reproductive tract of the female

26
Q

External fertilisation - conception mechanism

A

simultaneous release of gametes

27
Q

Internal fertilisation - conception mechanism

A

Male needs to insert the sperm into the female’s reproductive tract via penis or cloaca (copulation)

28
Q

External fertilisation - Chance of fertilisation

A

Low chance of fertilisation because male gametes are released into a large open area where there is less chance of successful uniting with females gametes

29
Q

Internal fertilisation - Chance of fertilisation

A

High chance of fertilisation because male gametes are released into a confined space where there is more chance of successfully uniting with female gametes.

30
Q

External fertilisation - Environment for zygote

A

Zygote usually develops externally in a watery environment which is vulnerable to environmental elements such as temperature and predation, infection and rapid dispersal from the sea.

31
Q

Internal fertilisation - Environment for zygote

A

Zygotes usually develops in a very protected environment inside the female’s body. Temperature is controlled, thee is less chance of predation, infection and loss of zygote form the area.

32
Q

External fertilisation - nature of offspring/zygote

A

After many zygotes perish a smaller number of offspring survive; however, the number of offspring produced is usually larger compared to internal fertilisation

33
Q

Internal fertilisation - nature of offspring/zygote

A

smaller number of zygote produced because very few perish (higher success rate), therefore, smaller numbers of offspring compared to external fertilisation

34
Q

External fertilisation - breeding frequency

A

Will breed more frequently compared to internal fertilisation due to the lower fertilisation success rate.

35
Q

Internal fertilisation - breeding frequency

A

Will breed seasonally and less frequently due to higher fertilisation success rate.

36
Q

External fertilisation - success in terrestrial environment

A

NOT SUCCESSFUL

Embryo less protected

37
Q

Internal fertilisation - success in terrestrial environment

A

ADV: confined space > higher success fertilisation rate, avoids dehydration, not exposed to environment/predation, fewer gametes required.
DISADV: high STD rate, organism spends more energy for reproduction

38
Q

External fertilisation - success in aquatic environment

A

ADV: Watery environment necessary and gametes won’t dry out, protected from heat stress.
DISADV: Breeding is needed more frequently, low fertilisation rate, vulnerable to environment, must release thousands of eggs

39
Q

Internal fertilisation - success in aquatic environment

A

ADV: higher chance of gametes uniting > less gametes required

DISADV: unnecessary - useless energy expenditure

40
Q

Reproduction in plants

A

Sexual and Asexual

41
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

requires the unions of male and female gametes.
In flowering plants, this typically relies on insects such as bees in search of nectar, at the same time, they transfer pollen (containing the male sex cell) from the other plants to the stigma of another of the same species. Pollen grains grow a tube downwards through the style towards the ovary, where fertilisation and seed (and fruit) development subsequently occurs
Moths, birds, and water also transfer pollen in some species of flowering plants.

42
Q

sexual reproduction in plant steps

A
  1. pollination
  2. fertilisation
  3. speed dispersal
43
Q

pollination

A

process in which the pollen moves from anther (male reproductive part) to the stigma (female reproductive part)

44
Q

Fertilisation

A

occurs after pollination in the following way
- Pollen on the stigma sends a pollen tube down the style to the ovary
- The two haploid nuclei of the pollen grain travel down the tube. One of the nuclei becomes the nucleus of the new tube cell, while the other nucleus divides again and they both travel down the tube to the ovule.
- The pollen tube enters the ovule through a tiny hole called micropyle
- One of the nuclei combines with the other two haploid nuclei to form a triploid cell (3 of each chromosome)
> Self-pollination involves pollen going on the stigma of the same plant
> Cross-pollination involves pollen forming on the stigma of different plants

45
Q

Speed dispersal

A

Following successful pollination and fertilisation of the flower, the seed develops

  • It is an advantage for a plant to spread or disperse its seeds over a wide distance to prevent overcrowding from occurring within the same plant species and increases the chances of survival in situation of environmental change e.g. fire, disease
  • Seeds are dispersed by wind or by animals (insects, birds, mammals) and are designed to disperse in many ways.
  • Australian native plants have evolved a variety of adaptations to aid in the effective and successful dispersal of their seeds.
46
Q

Asexual reproduction in plants

A

Binary fission, Spore formation, Budding, Vegetative propagation and Regeneration

47
Q

Binary fission

A

Every single celled organism undergoes mitosis, it creates 2 new organisms

48
Q

Spore formation

A

only occurs in non-flowering plants (and other microscopic organisms). The parent plant produces thousands of single-celled spores which can grow into new plants.

49
Q

Budding

A

the parent produces a replica of itself by mitosis. This replica continues to grow as a new organism but is attached to the parent. This tends to form large colonies.

50
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

flowering plants produce new plants from points on roots of stems called nodes. Grasses do this.

51
Q

Regeneration

A

a process in which organisms grow back parts that have been removed or lost. In some cases, it can be a form of sexual reproduction of the broken body part grows to form a new organism.

Biology - Mod 5 Hereditary (1 decks)

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