Repro Session 12 Flashcards
vulval tumours are most commonly what type of cancer?
squamous carcinomas, carcinoma= malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells, so squamous= malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelial cells, with malignant= ability to metastasise
most common cause of vulval tumours in pre-menopausal women?
HPV
where does a vulval tumour caused by HPV metastasise to? to
inguinal LNs
what is vulval carcinoma in older women related to?
chronic irritation and longstanding dermatoses e.g. lichen sclerosus and squamous hyperplasia
most carcinomas of cervix are what type?
squamous
common aetiology of cervical carcinomas?
HPV
aim of cervical screening programme?
detect pre-invasive lesion and excise involved area completely before a tumour can develop
cells of pre-invasive lesion detected in cervical screening?
dyskaryotic cells= cells with abnormally enlarged nuclei possessing abnormal chromatin
what is prognosis of cervical carcinoma affected by?
size of tumour
depth of invasion
where does cervical carcinoma spread?
iliac and then aortic LNs, before wider systemic dissemination
local spread involves ureters, bladder and rectum, and is very distressing with pain and fistula formation
most probable aetiology in perimenopausal women of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
unopposed oestrogen from obesity, exogenous oestrogen administration, or a hormone-secreting tumour
symptoms of fibroids?
menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding, pain, discharge and infertility
malignant counterpart of fibroids?
leimyosarcoma
where might a leiomyosarcoma metastasise?
blood to lungs and then systemically
what do ovarian tumours cause by spreading through the abdomen?
ascites
intestinal obstruction
perforation
death
useful tumour markers in malignant germ cell tumours?
beta hCG
alpha fetoprotein
examples of malignant germ cell tumours?
dysgerminoma
yolk sac tumour
choriocarcinoma
embryonal carcinoma
what is a thecoma?
benign tumour derived from ovarian stroma
examples of a sex cord tumour?
granulosa cell tumour
consequences of rare sex cord stromal tumours secreting androgens?
defeminisation
masculinisation
amenorrhoea
infertility
what is a hydatidiform mole?
results from a chromosomal defect in the conceptus causing oedema of the placetal chorionic villi. Assoc. atypical trophoblastic hyperplasia and tumours have the propensity for myometrial penetration. May persisit, invade, metastasise and kill. sig. risk of development of choriocarcinoma
what is a choriocarcinoma?
malignant tumour of placenta composed of syncytio and cytotrophoblast without villi.
RFs for cervical cancer?
smoking
multiple sexual partners
multiple births
low SE class
macroscopic cervical carcinoma appearance?
ulcer
cervical expansion
nodule