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Repro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cell types in the testes

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

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2
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

provide nutrients for sperm
create a blood-testis barrier
secretes fluid to aid the transport of sperm

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3
Q

What are the main cell types in the ovaries

A

Granulosa and theca cells

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4
Q

Which cell secretes mullerian inhibiting factor

A

Sertoli cells

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5
Q

Function of mullerian inhibiting factor

A

Prevents growth of the paramesonephric ducts

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6
Q

Which structures are formed from the Wolffin (mesonephric duct)

A

Seminal vesicles
epididymis
ejaculatory ducts
ductus deferens

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7
Q

What would you see in a child that is genetically a male but has a deficiency of androgen receptors

A

A short vagina and spare pubic and axillary hair
non-descended testes
no cervix, uterine tubes or ovaries

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8
Q

Onset of puberty is due to what kind of secretion of which hormone

A

Pulsatile secretion of GnRH

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9
Q

during puberty which hormone is found at higher levels (FSH or LH)

A

LH

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10
Q

During childhood or senesence, which hormone is found at higher levels (FSH or LH)

A

FSH

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11
Q

Which structure is the primary location for maturation and storage of sperm

A

Epididymis

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12
Q

Which structure secretes citrate, prostaglandins, fibrinogen and fructose

A

Seminal vesicles

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13
Q

How do prostaglandins aid in fertilization

A

Makes the cervical mucosa more penetrable by the sperm

causes peristaltic contraction in the uterus and fallopian tubes to help with movement of sperm

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14
Q

Which structure secretes citrate, calcium and alkaline solutions

A

Prostate gland

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15
Q

What is the androgen end product in the testes

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Which enzyme is required in the testes to convert androstenedione to testosterone

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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17
Q

Which enzyme is required to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5 alpha reductase

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18
Q

Synthesis of androgen binding proteins is stimulated by

A

Estrogens

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19
Q

From which nuclei is GnRH secreted

A

Arcuate nuclei

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20
Q

What kind of secretion of GnRH inhibits FSH and LH

A

Continuous secretion of GnRH

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21
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function

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22
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize testosterone by increasing the activity of which enzyme

A

Cholesterol desmolase

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23
Q

How is LH similar to ACTH

A

It stimulates the first step in steroidogenesis by activating cholesterol desmolate

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24
Q

Two functions of testosterone (paracrine and endocrine)

A

Aids in spermatogeneis

Aids in skeletal muscle growth

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25
Which cells in males secrete inhibin
Sertoli cells
26
Which hormone does inhibin inhibit
FSH
27
What are the functions of testosterone during fetal life
Formation of the internal genital tract
28
What are the functions of testosterone at puberty
increased muscle mass, growth spurt, closure of epiphyseal plates, gwoth of penis, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido.
29
What are the functions of DHT during fetal life
Differentiation of male external genitalia, hair distribution and growth of the penis
30
Which layer of the ovary contains all the oocytes and does steroidogeneisis
the cortex
31
In what meiotic phase are oocytes arrested in the ovary
prophase I
32
Which enzyme is needed to convert testosterone to 17 b estradial
aromatase
33
Which cells synthesize and secrete progesterone
Theca cells
34
Which hormone is synthesized and released from granulosa cells
17 beta estradiol
35
LH stimulates which enzyme in which cells in the ovaries
cholesterol desmolase in the theca cells
36
FSH stimulates which enzyme in which cells in the ovaries
aromatase in granulosa cells
37
the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is dominated by what kind of feedback
Negative feedback
38
At mid menstrual cycle what kind of feedback is seen by estrogen
Positive feedback
39
The luteal phase is dominated by what kind of feedback
Negative feedback
40
Which cells in the ovary produce inhibin
Granulosa cells
41
Which cells in the ovary produce activin
Granulosa cells
42
Some functions of estrogen
``` maturation of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix & vagina female secondary characteristics breast development development of granulosa cells anti-osteoporosis decrease LDL cholesterol ```
43
Functions of estrogen during pregnancy
maintains pregnancy lowers threshold for contractile stimuli stimulation prolactin secretion block action of prolactin on breast
44
Functions of progesterone during pregnancy
breast development raises threshold for contractile stimuli maintains pregnancy
45
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is always constant
Luteal phase
46
Which hormone is dominant in the follicular phase
estrogen
47
Which hormone is dominant in the luteal phase
progesterone
48
At what point during the menstrual cycle is there a surge in estrogen
Just before ovulation
49
Hormones released from the cytotrophoblast
CRH, GnRH, TRH, GHRH, GHIH
50
Hormones released from the syncytiotrophoblast
ACTH, hCG (homologous to LH), TSH, hCS (GH family)
51
Which hormone released from the syncytiotrophoblast is analogous to hCG
LH
52
Hormones produced by the placenta
hCG – human chorionic gonadotropin Progesterone Estrogen hCS – human chorionic somatomammotropin (hPL – human placental lactogen)
53
Which structure produces hCG
Syncytiotrophoblast
54
Which receptors does hCG bind to
LH receptors
55
When during pregnancy does hCG peak
10th to 12th week
56
What are the functions of hCG on the corpus luteum
Stimulate LH receptors | Prevents luteolysis and maintains progesterone levels upto 10 weeks
57
What are the functions of hCG in the fetus
Stimulates fetal Leydig cells to produce testosterone | hCG also stimulates the fetal adrenal cortex
58
Human Placental Lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) is similar to which 2 hormones
GH and prolactin
59
Which hormone produced during pregnancy has a concentration directly proportional to placental size
hPL (hCS)
60
Which hormone during pregnancy has an antagonistic action to insulin and therefore causes diabetogenicity of pregnancy
hPL (hCS)
61
Which hormone released from the placenta stimulates growth and development mammary gland
hPL (hCS)
62
How does the action of hPL (hCS) benefit the fetus
provides energy sources (from mother): FFAs, glucose & ketones, and provides amino acids for protein synthesis
63
Which placental hormone aids in the development of gestational diabetes
hPL (hCS)
64
What is the main form of estrogen during pregnancy
estriol
65
Pregnenolone is converted to DHEAS in which organ during pregnancy
the fetal adrenal cortex
66
Which 2 enzymes are needed to convert 16-OH DHEAS during pregnancy
sulfatase and aromatase
67
DHEAS is converted to which substance in the fetal liver
16 OH-DHEAS
68
Which hormone is inhibited by prolactin
GnRH
69
What would be seen if a genetic male lacks Sertoli cells
 develop both male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia
70
What would be seen if a genetic male had a deficiency in 5 alpha reductase
 male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (when increased testosterone levels cause masculinization)

My Reproductive (2 decks)

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