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My Reproductive > Repro Physiology > Flashcards

Repro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cell types in the testes

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

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2
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

provide nutrients for sperm
create a blood-testis barrier
secretes fluid to aid the transport of sperm

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3
Q

What are the main cell types in the ovaries

A

Granulosa and theca cells

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4
Q

Which cell secretes mullerian inhibiting factor

A

Sertoli cells

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5
Q

Function of mullerian inhibiting factor

A

Prevents growth of the paramesonephric ducts

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6
Q

Which structures are formed from the Wolffin (mesonephric duct)

A

Seminal vesicles
epididymis
ejaculatory ducts
ductus deferens

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7
Q

What would you see in a child that is genetically a male but has a deficiency of androgen receptors

A

A short vagina and spare pubic and axillary hair
non-descended testes
no cervix, uterine tubes or ovaries

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8
Q

Onset of puberty is due to what kind of secretion of which hormone

A

Pulsatile secretion of GnRH

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9
Q

during puberty which hormone is found at higher levels (FSH or LH)

A

LH

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10
Q

During childhood or senesence, which hormone is found at higher levels (FSH or LH)

A

FSH

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11
Q

Which structure is the primary location for maturation and storage of sperm

A

Epididymis

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12
Q

Which structure secretes citrate, prostaglandins, fibrinogen and fructose

A

Seminal vesicles

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13
Q

How do prostaglandins aid in fertilization

A

Makes the cervical mucosa more penetrable by the sperm

causes peristaltic contraction in the uterus and fallopian tubes to help with movement of sperm

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14
Q

Which structure secretes citrate, calcium and alkaline solutions

A

Prostate gland

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15
Q

What is the androgen end product in the testes

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Which enzyme is required in the testes to convert androstenedione to testosterone

A

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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17
Q

Which enzyme is required to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5 alpha reductase

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18
Q

Synthesis of androgen binding proteins is stimulated by

A

Estrogens

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19
Q

From which nuclei is GnRH secreted

A

Arcuate nuclei

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20
Q

What kind of secretion of GnRH inhibits FSH and LH

A

Continuous secretion of GnRH

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21
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function

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22
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize testosterone by increasing the activity of which enzyme

A

Cholesterol desmolase

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23
Q

How is LH similar to ACTH

A

It stimulates the first step in steroidogenesis by activating cholesterol desmolate

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24
Q

Two functions of testosterone (paracrine and endocrine)

A

Aids in spermatogeneis

Aids in skeletal muscle growth

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25
Q

Which cells in males secrete inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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26
Q

Which hormone does inhibin inhibit

A

FSH

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27
Q

What are the functions of testosterone during fetal life

A

Formation of the internal genital tract

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28
Q

What are the functions of testosterone at puberty

A

increased muscle mass, growth spurt, closure of epiphyseal plates, gwoth of penis, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido.

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29
Q

What are the functions of DHT during fetal life

A

Differentiation of male external genitalia, hair distribution and growth of the penis

30
Q

Which layer of the ovary contains all the oocytes and does steroidogeneisis

A

the cortex

31
Q

In what meiotic phase are oocytes arrested in the ovary

A

prophase I

32
Q

Which enzyme is needed to convert testosterone to 17 b estradial

A

aromatase

33
Q

Which cells synthesize and secrete progesterone

A

Theca cells

34
Q

Which hormone is synthesized and released from granulosa cells

A

17 beta estradiol

35
Q

LH stimulates which enzyme in which cells in the ovaries

A

cholesterol desmolase in the theca cells

36
Q

FSH stimulates which enzyme in which cells in the ovaries

A

aromatase in granulosa cells

37
Q

the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is dominated by what kind of feedback

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

At mid menstrual cycle what kind of feedback is seen by estrogen

A

Positive feedback

39
Q

The luteal phase is dominated by what kind of feedback

A

Negative feedback

40
Q

Which cells in the ovary produce inhibin

A

Granulosa cells

41
Q

Which cells in the ovary produce activin

A

Granulosa cells

42
Q

Some functions of estrogen

A 
maturation of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix & vagina
female secondary characteristics
breast development
development of granulosa cells
anti-osteoporosis
decrease LDL cholesterol
43
Q

Functions of estrogen during pregnancy

A

maintains pregnancy
lowers threshold for contractile stimuli
stimulation prolactin secretion
block action of prolactin on breast

44
Q

Functions of progesterone during pregnancy

A

breast development
raises threshold for contractile stimuli
maintains pregnancy

45
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is always constant

A

Luteal phase

46
Q

Which hormone is dominant in the follicular phase

A

estrogen

47
Q

Which hormone is dominant in the luteal phase

A

progesterone

48
Q

At what point during the menstrual cycle is there a surge in estrogen

A

Just before ovulation

49
Q

Hormones released from the cytotrophoblast

A

CRH, GnRH, TRH, GHRH, GHIH

50
Q

Hormones released from the syncytiotrophoblast

A

ACTH, hCG (homologous to LH), TSH, hCS (GH family)

51
Q

Which hormone released from the syncytiotrophoblast is analogous to hCG

A

LH

52
Q

Hormones produced by the placenta

A

hCG – human chorionic gonadotropin
Progesterone
Estrogen
hCS – human chorionic somatomammotropin (hPL – human placental lactogen)

53
Q

Which structure produces hCG

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

54
Q

Which receptors does hCG bind to

A

LH receptors

55
Q

When during pregnancy does hCG peak

A

10th to 12th week

56
Q

What are the functions of hCG on the corpus luteum

A

Stimulate LH receptors

Prevents luteolysis and maintains progesterone levels upto 10 weeks

57
Q

What are the functions of hCG in the fetus

A

Stimulates fetal Leydig cells to produce testosterone

hCG also stimulates the fetal adrenal cortex

58
Q

Human Placental Lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) is similar to which 2 hormones

A

GH and prolactin

59
Q

Which hormone produced during pregnancy has a concentration directly proportional to placental size

A

hPL (hCS)

60
Q

Which hormone during pregnancy has an antagonistic action to insulin and therefore causes diabetogenicity of pregnancy

A

hPL (hCS)

61
Q

Which hormone released from the placenta stimulates growth and development mammary gland

A

hPL (hCS)

62
Q

How does the action of hPL (hCS) benefit the fetus

A

provides energy sources (from mother): FFAs, glucose & ketones, and provides amino acids for protein synthesis

63
Q

Which placental hormone aids in the development of gestational diabetes

A

hPL (hCS)

64
Q

What is the main form of estrogen during pregnancy

A

estriol

65
Q

Pregnenolone is converted to DHEAS in which organ during pregnancy

A

the fetal adrenal cortex

66
Q

Which 2 enzymes are needed to convert 16-OH DHEAS during pregnancy

A

sulfatase and aromatase

67
Q

DHEAS is converted to which substance in the fetal liver

A

16 OH-DHEAS

68
Q

Which hormone is inhibited by prolactin

A

GnRH

69
Q

What would be seen if a genetic male lacks Sertoli cells

A

develop both male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia

70
Q

What would be seen if a genetic male had a deficiency in 5 alpha reductase

A

male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (when increased testosterone levels cause masculinization)

My Reproductive (2 decks)

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