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Repro Pharm > Repro Phys > Flashcards

Repro Phys Flashcards

1
Q

gonadotropin secretion over the lifetime

A
  • childhood- FSH > LH
  • adult- LH > FSH
  • senescence- FSH > LH
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2
Q

puberty initiated by?

A

pulsatile secretion of GnRH

  • drives the pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH
  • stim secretion of gonadal steroid H’s
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3
Q

melatonin- inhibits what?

A

GnRH release

  • levels are high during childhood and decline in adulthood
  • removal of pineal gland precipitates early puberty
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4
Q

seminiferous tubule

A
  • epit formed by sertoli cells, wth interspersed germ cells
  • spermatogonia- most immature germ cells
  • spermatozoa- mature germ cells
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5
Q

leydig cells

A

-interstitial cells that lie b/w the tubules

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6
Q

adult testis- consist of?

A
  • 80% seminiferous tubules

- 20% CT interspersed with leydig cells

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7
Q

Sertoli cells- fxn

A
  • provide nutrients to diff sperm
  • form TJs
  • secrete an aqueous fluid
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8
Q

leydig cells- fxn

A

-syn and secrete T

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9
Q

testosterone

A
  • syn and secreted by leydig cells

- testds- 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- converts androstenedione to T

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10
Q

5alpha-reductase- dowes what

A

converts T to DHT (active androgen in some tissues)

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11
Q

estrogen in male

A
  • Sertoli cells: T–aromatase–> estradiol

- important role in spermiogenesis

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12
Q

T- in seminiferous tubules and peripheral circulation

A
  • seminiferous tubules- conc by binding to ABP

- peripheral- SHBG and albumin

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13
Q

LH stim what?

A
  • chol –> pregnenolone:
  • inc affinity of P450scc enzyme for chol (chol side-chain cleavage enzyme)
  • stim syn of P450scc enzyme
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14
Q

tissues producing androgens

A
  • adrenal: chol–> androstenedione
  • peripheral tissues: T—5alpha-reductase–> DHT and T–aromatase–> estradiol
  • testis- does it all
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15
Q

T- actions during fetal development

A
  • 2nd month- genital organs

- 2-3 month of pregnancy- descent of testes

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16
Q

DHT- actions

A
  • fetal diff of external male genitalia
  • male hair distribution and male pattern baldness
  • sebaceous gland activity
  • growth of prostate
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17
Q

tx for BPH and hair loss in males

A

-5alpha-reductase inhibitors!!!

caused by DHT

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18
Q

sertoli cells and T

A
  • FSH stim sertoli cells to secrete ABP and inhibin (neg feedback to ant pit)
  • aromatization of T to estradiol-17B
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19
Q

spermatogenesis- 3 phases

A
  • mitotic divisions
  • meiotic divisions
  • spermiogenesis
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20
Q

H factors taht stim spermatogenesis

A
  • LH- stim Leydig cells to secrete T
  • FSH- stim sertoli cells to nurse/form sperm
  • GH- promotes early div of sperm
  • T- growth and div of testicular germinal cells
  • estrogens- formed from T by sertoli cells
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21
Q

T def- depends on age of onset

A

-2-3 mo of gestation- ambiguity in male genitalia
-3rd trimester of pregnancy- cryptorchidism and micropenis
puberty- poor 2 sexual development, eunuchoidism
-post=puberty- dec libido, ED, dec hair growth, low energy, infertility

22
Q

Kallman’s syndrome

A
  • GnRH neurons fail to migrate into hypothalamus during embryonic development
  • delayed/absent puberty, impaired sense of smell
  • form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
23
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

(seminiferous tubular dysgenesis)

  • men with an extra X chromosome
  • at puberty- inc levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis
  • dec T secretion= primary hypogonadism
24
Q

male-pattern baldness and BPH

A
  • caused by DHT

- tx- 5alpha-reductase inhibitor

25
Q

ovarian and endometrial cycle

A
  • ovarian- follicular (coincides w/ prolif phase) and luteal phase (coincides with secretory phase)
  • endometrial- menses, prolif, secretory phase
26
Q
  • ovarian- follicular (coincides w/ prolif phase) and luteal phase (coincides with secretory phase)
  • endometrial- menses, prolif, secretory phase
A
  • FSH stim a follicle to complete its development
  • begins with onset of menses and ends on day of LH surge
  • granulosa cells inc prod of estradiol- coincides with prolif phase of endometrial cycle
  • rapid rise in ovarian estradiol secretion- triggers surge in LH- causes ovulation!!
27
Q

luteal phase

A
  • follicle transforms into a corpus luteum
  • luteal cells prod progesterone and estrogen
  • begins on day of LH surge, ends at onset of next menses
  • coincides with secretory phase of endometrial cycle
28
Q

pulsatile release of GnRH and pulsatile secretion of LH

A
  • GnRH- small rise in LH- early in follicular phase

- later in follicular phase- gonadotrophs in ant pit become more sensitive to GnRH- causes a much larger release of LH

29
Q

LH and FSH- acto n?

A
  • theca cells- LH R’s

- granulosa cells- LH and FSH Rs

30
Q

inhibins

A
  • inhibins- prod by granulosa cells- inhibit FSH secretion by gonadotrophs
  • FSH stim granulosa cells to produce inhibins
31
Q

activins

A

-stim effect of FSH release

32
Q

positive feedback

A
  • end of follicular phase
  • estradiol levels steeply rise at 2nd half of follicular phase
  • estradiol levels at a certain threshold for 2 days- HP axis reverses its sensitivity to estrogens- + feedback!
  • promotes LH surge!!
  • rising levels of progesterone during follicular phase also prod a + feedback
33
Q

ovary synthesizes?

A
  • estradiol via 17B-HSD

- progesterone

34
Q

estradiol syn- requires 2 cell types

A
  • theca cells

- granulosa cells

35
Q

PCOS

A
  • most common cause of infertility in women
  • abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis
  • androgen excess and anovulation
  • high androgens- promotes atresia in developing follicles
  • elevated LH, low FSH, elevated T
36
Q

fertilization

A
  • sperm head attaches to zona pellucida- sperm-ZP3 interaction
  • acrosomal rxn- inc in Ca inside sperm cells- triggers fusion- exocytosis of the acrosomal contents (hydrolytic enzymes- dissolves the zona pellucida)
  • spermatozoon penetrates zona pellucida
  • cell membranes of the sperm and oocyte fuse
37
Q

feritilization- 2

A
  • oocytes 2nd meiotic division and cortical rxn- initiated by inc in Ca- exocytosis of cortical granules (prevents polyspermy- enzymes cause zona pellucida to harden)
  • oocyte completes its 2nd meiotic div
  • sperm nucleus decondenses and transforms into the male pronucleus
  • male and female pronuclei fuse- form the zygote
38
Q

1st wk of embryogenesis- occurs where

A

-in lumina of oviduct and uterus

39
Q

1st wk of embryogenesis

A
  • first 2 cleavages- 2 days
  • 16 cell morula- at 3rd day
  • blastocyst- days 4-5
  • implantation of blastocyst- days 6-7
40
Q

implantation

A
  • cytotrophoblasts

- syncytiotrophoblasts- adhesive, invasive, endocrine fxnx- secrete HCG- maintains the corpus luteum

41
Q

decidualization

A

Maternal response to implantation

  • progesterone- endometrial stroma is transformed into enlarged and glycogen-filled decidual cells
  • endometrium is called decidua- ready for implantation of embryo
42
Q

placenta development

A

-blastocyst implants- syncytiotrophoblast invades the decidua- creates primary chorionic villi (via prolif of cytotrophoblasts)

43
Q

mature placenta

A
  • chorionic villi- fxnal unit of placenta
  • intervillous space
  • decidua basalis
44
Q

placenta- acts as

A
  • fetal gut- supplying nutrients
  • fetal lung- exchanges O2 and CO2
  • fetal kidney- reg fluid volumes and disposes waste metabolites
  • endocrine gland- syn steroids and proteins
45
Q

birth- occurs when

A
  • 38 wks after fertilization

- 40 wks after last menstrual perioid

46
Q

fetus decides day of parturition

A
  • placenta produces CRH
  • stim fetal prod of ACTH and fetal adrenals to prod cortisol and estrogen
  • cortisol- + feedback to inc placental CRH prod
  • CRH promotes contractions by sensitizing uterus to prostaglandins and oxytocin
  • estrogens also stim contractions
47
Q

hormonal factors initiating parturition

A
  • estrogen- inc degree of uterine contractility, stim syn of oxytocin Rs
  • prostaglandins- initiates labor- uterine stretch stim uterine prostaglandin prod
  • oxytocin- causes uterus to contract
  • relaxin
48
Q

lactation initiation

A
  • PRL inc
  • high estrogen and progesterone inhibit onset of lactogenesis- fall following birth
  • suckling- inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
49
Q
  • PRL inc
  • high estrogen and progesterone inhibit onset of lactogenesis- fall following birth
  • suckling- inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons
A

suckling

  • feedback to hypothalamus to dec dopamine release- removes inhibition- inc in PRL
  • oxytocin also released- contraction of myoepit basket cells producing milk ejection
50
Q

4 effects of suckling on H release

A
  • suckling stimuli- act afferent neural pathway to spinal cord and then hypothalamus
  • dopamine release is inhibited- PRL released!
  • prod and release of oxytocin from post pit
  • arcuate and preoptic area of hypothalamus inhibited- causes a fall in GnRH- dec LH and FH- inhibits ovarian cycle

Repro Pharm (5 decks)

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