repro past qs Flashcards
How long is the pregnancy of the horse?
310-365 days (11 months)
How long is the duration of estrus in mare?
5-7 days
When is the ovulation in mare?
24-48 hours before the end of estrus
How do you stich the uterus after C-section?
Sero-muscularly
How many spermiums do you need to use in the horse?
400-800 millions
How many ml-s of sperm do you need for AI?
10-40 ml (fresh/cooled), 6-10 0.5 ml straws (frozen)
What type of placenta does the mare have?
Epitheliochorial and diffuse
Which hormon is the best for mare cycle synchronization?
Progestagen injection
Which one is an abnormal labor pain?
Violent pains
Instruments or maneuvers, which are not used in ventral position?
Wood planks
What kind of instrument would you not use for the reposition of a laterally deviated head in the horse?
Caemmerer torsion fork
What is characteristic for Harms dog sitting in horses?
Hoofs of the fetus can perforate the uterine wall
You should not perform embryotomy in case of?
A living fetus
Which method of embryotomy consists of less wiring?
Bayer-Schaetz method
What does surfactant expression mean?
Surface-active lipoprotein in the lung
What kind of acid-base stance is characteristic for a healthy neonate?
Slight respiratory metabolic acidosis
What is the first thing you have to do with an asphyxiated neonate?
Airway aspiration
Which one is the first step to resuscitate asphyxiated newborns?
Aspirate oropharyngeal and tracheal fluid
Which one is a correct treatment for low meconium retention in a foal?
Acetylcysteine solution into the rectum, fluid therapy per os and pain control
What does hypercapnia mean?
Blood carbonate concentration is increased
What is the optimal condition for solving abnormal position and presentation in large animals?
Epidural analgesia, uterus relaxation, copious lubricant sedatives
According to the chorionic villi distribution, how can we classify the equine placenta?
Placenta diffuse with microcotyledons
Which could be the consequence of asphyxiate?
Cerebral hemorrhage and edema
When could we talk about retention of fetal membranes in the mare?
After 3 hours post partum
What is the best method for correction of abnormal presentation in large animals?
The nearest limbs have to be pulled into the birth canal; if the hind and the front legs are in equal distance we always try for a longitudinal posterior presentation
Which obstetrical snare is not correct to use in the mare?
Jöhnk snare
What is the incorrect method for correction of hock flexion in case of large animals?
In the case of small fetus extraction without correction
What is the incorrect method for traction without reposition of the hip flexion in the mare?
In the case of abortion, premature partus or if the fetus is small pull out the fetus with Jöhnk snare
Which abnormality is an absolute indication for C-section in the mare?
Dorso-transverse presentation
Which is the easiest way to rotate an equine fetus from ventral to dorsal position?
With Caemmerer torsion fork
Choose the only false statement concerning to the C-section in the mare:
We open the non-pregnant uterine horn and pull the fetus from the pregnant horn
Choose the only false statement concerning to the C-section in the mare:
Putting uterine tablets into the lumen provides sufficient protection in the post- operative therapy
At what gestational age can you first see a heartbeat of an equine embryo?
25-28 days
At what gestational age should you ideally evaluate a mare for twins?
13-15 days
At what gestational age do the endometrial cups form in the mare?
35-38 days
At what gestational age are we able to determine fetal gender in horse?
60-70 days
What drug would you give this mare today?
hCG
What would you recommend doing today with this mare?
Order semen for tomorrow
When do you want to evaluate this mare again?
Wednesday
From when can the conceptus be detected in the mare by means of ultrasonography?
From day 11
Which statement is false in connection with the follicles in mares?
The usual size of a pre-ovulatory follicle is 100 mm in diameter
Which statement is true in connection with the follicles in mares?
At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter
Which organ produces eCG:
Trophoblasts cells from endometrial cups
Mare corpus luteum dependent period during pregnancy:
1-180 day
After pregnancy day 180, which organ maintains the pregnancy?
Fetoplacental unit
What is the ovary cancer solving method and what are the symptoms?
Treatment: surgical removal of the affected ovary, normal estrous after 6-8 months.
Symptoms: Nymphomania, stallion-like behavior and prolonged anestrous
How you detect the start of birth in horse?
Hypertrophy of mammary gland, distension of teats (4-6 day prior), waxing of teats (1- 72 hours prior), CaCO3 increases in milk (1-3 day prior)
How is the recognition of the pregnancy by horses (what factors do they need)?
Movements of the embryo inside the uterus, maternal recognition: INF-like protein, E1SO4; for us to recognize pregnancy: progesterone, eCG and estrogen
What is the time of ovulation in horse?
1-2 days before end of estrus
When is it good to mate/inseminate horse?
Second day and every other day in estrus
How can you transport horse sperm?
Cooled (in equitainer (1: 70 hours, 2: 48 hours) and iso-thermalizer) or frozen
Why is GnRH implant good for female horse?
It pushes the horse out of its transition period (induce estrous)
When is the capsule development in mare?
From day 6 to day 22-26
(after day 27, very hard to destroy capsule ie. twinning)
What causes the post mating endometritis by horse?
Deposition of semen, bacteria and debris
What causes the acute endometritis in horse?
Streptococcus zooepidemicus (75%) 3/4 of the cases
Which mares are mostly prone to infections?
Older mares, those with pooling of urine in vagina or accumulation uterine fluid, mares with cervix that fail to relax during estrus
What is granulosa cell tumor and why is it important in horses?
It is the most common ovarian tumor. Unilateral, and produces inhibin, which inhibits function of other ovary as well. Mare gets aggressive, constant anestrus/nymphomania
How do the endometrial cups form in horses?
From chorionic girdle cells around day 35
What do you use to shorten the spring transitional period in horses?
Light (also progestagen injection, hCG, GnRH)
Which bacterium is responsible for equine metritis in most cases?
Streptococcus zooepidemicus,
E. coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia
and less common: T. equigenitalis (CEM)
What is not characteristic in case of uterine torsion in horses?
The vagina is involved in the torsion
What is not informative in early pregnancy detection in horses?
eCG
Which would you use to decrease edema in prolapsed uterus in horse?
Sugar
What are the possible semen preservations, quantity, and temperature in horse?
Fresh (20 ml), chilled (4°C) (20 ml), frozen (-196°) (6-10 0.5 ml straws)
How many sperm must be/optimal in frozen semen?
400-800 million
(chilled semen = 1 billion)
What is not characteristic of frozen semen?
It is only possible to freeze semen in 10% of the horses
When do you inseminate in horse?
Positive probing test
How long is the estrous cycle?
21 days
Which hormone elevates in horse at the end of pregnancy?
Relaxin
Which one is characteristic in the pregnancy of horse?
The zygote develops a glycoprotein layer of 2 μm diameter on day 6-30
What do you use in the interseasonal period in mare to synchronize estrous cycle?
Light-program or GnRH
What is Deslorelin used for in mares?
To delay estrous (in case of transporting, competition, etc.)
What can predict that parturition is coming soon in mare?
CaCO3 level in colostrum is higher than 200 ppm
What is the best way to evaluate time until parturition in horse?
Measure calcium carbonate from colostrum, hormonal change and behavior change
How do you treat mares with CEM (contagious equine metritis bacteria)?
With topical and systemic antibiotics. Treat mares only after CEM bacteria cleared from the uterus (may take several months)
What is the most frequent causative agent in horse, that causes endometritis?
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
What are the advantages of AI in horse?
More sperm, less stress, biosecurity, regulated sperm quality, no transport of horses and preserve semen of endangered breeds
What would you use to induce ovulation in horse?
Use: light, progestogen, GnRH, hcG
What would you not use to induce ovulation in horse?
Not use: ecG
What happens in the tail of the epididymis?
Storage, maturation and formation of the acrosome
What is the most important thing to do after giving birth?
Stimulate respiration
How to best determine infertility in horse?
US, rectal palpation, hormone evaluation, look at recordings from earlier cycles and biopsy
How to treat retained placenta in horse?
Pump in fluid and oxytocin, pull it out and give antibiotics
What is the time of ovulation in horse?
24-48 hours (1-2 days) before end of estrus
What is the first thing to do with neonates after birth?
Check heart rate, check respiratory function and wash/clean it
What is capsule of the zygote?
Thin glycoprotein layer
How do we treat the laceration of the perineum?
Do surgery after 4-6 weeks
Which levels of the uterine wall have to be sutured?
Muscular and serosal layer
What is a special characteristic for equine embryo development?
Capsule development from day 6 to day 22-26, implantation on 17th day and enters uterus on day 9
What is the most important to give to the horse, if it gets a wound between the rectum and vagina? (Perineal laceration)
Caslick or perineal body construction
Do horses have resistant to Trichothecenes toxicosis?
Yes
Is the horse sensitive to Zearalenone toxicosis?
Yes
How long can semen be kept on a specific temperature before the quality of the sample decreases?
Normally 24-70 hours
What is the incorrect statement about third degree perineal laceration?
Treatment straight away, surgery after 4-6 weeks and give antibiotics
When should you give fresh semen?
24-48 hours before ovulation
When should you give chilled semen?
12-18 hours before ovulation
When should you give frozen semen?
6 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation
Why is frozen semen good?
Unlimited storage
How long does it take for a horse to form accessory corpus luteum?
Between day 35-150 (200)
When is secondary corpus luteum formed?
35-100 (200)
How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the newborns?
Mouth to mouth expired air, tracheal tube with AMBU balloon
What is the difference between the treatment protocols of estrous synchronization and estrous induction?
Estrous induction is used in non-breeding season.
The treatment with
progestagen is combined with gonadotrop hormone (eCG/PMSG)
Which is the most commonly used transducer in the ultrasonographic examination of genitals in mares?
Linear, 57 MHz
What is the earliest time when pregnancy can be checked by ultrasonography in a mare?
9-12 days after ovulation
From which layer(s) of the uterus should the biopsy samples be taken?
Only from the mucous membrane
In an estrous mare what does the cross-section of uterus horns look like by ultrasonography?
A lemon
Which organs are the protecting seals of tubular genitals in the mare?
The vulval lips, the cervix and the vestibular seal
Which statement is true in connection with a corpus luteum (CL) in mares?
The CL can be most successfully examined using ultrasonography
Which statement is true in connection with the terciar (antral) follicles in mare?
The follicles appear on the ultrasonograph as a nonechogenic area
Which statement is true in the connection with the follicles in mares?
Ultrasonography only allows the terciar (antral) follicles to be
examined
Which statement is false in connection with the follicles in mares?
The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter
Which statement is true in connection with the follicles in mares?
At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter
When (which period of the estrous cycle) must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?
During the estrus
How (which method) must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?
With a protected sterile swab
True or False
Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used in one third to half dose as compared to the ruminants because the horse is very sensitive to the prostaglandin side effects
True statement
True or False
Maternal recognition of the pregnancy is mediated by a 40.000 D molecular weight protein, which is not interferon tau and produced by the conceptus
True statement
True or false
In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy
True statement
True or False
In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy
True statement
True or false
Insemination of the mare is possible both with fresh and chilled semen which can be stored in special containers for 24-72 hours without significant loss of fertility
True statement
true or false
In mares the embryonic/early fetal loss, abortion and stillbirth are the possible consequences of twin pregnancy
True statement
Choose the right answer: in mares the endometrial cups produce…
eCG (PMSG)
Choose the right answer: the embryos enter the uterus…
In mares: on days 5-6 of gestation
Choose the false statement: in the mare…
Only the P4 producing of the placenta is increasing to the effect of eCG
Choose the false statement: in the mare…
Oestrogens are only produced by the secondary follicles
Choose the false statement: in mares…
We repeat this at day 35 of gestation
Choose the false statement: in mares…
Abortion can be induced with prostaglandin on day 45 of pregnancy
When is it always recommended to perform C-section in these cases:
in the mare during dorsotransverse presentation of a dead foal
What can be considered as a primary indication for a C-section?
Relatively large living fetus
The name of the most frequently used double tube fetatome:
Thygesen
Which treatment predisposes bitches for pyometra?
Oestradiol administered at the earliest days of suspected pregnancy
Which treatment predisposes bitches for pyometra?
Synthetic gestagens (progestogens) used for suppression of estrus
Which treatment
procedures can be used for prevention of canine pyometra?
None of the above treatment
Which treatment
procedures can be used for prevention of canine pyometra?
After rehydration of the patient, ovariohysterectomy
What is the most reliable method for predicting the time of ovulation in the bitch?
Serum progesterone exceeding the threshold level
What is the most typical picture in the vaginal smears of the bitch around ovulation?
Keratinised anuclear cells with poor staining
Which of the following statements regarding to the dog is incorrect
The most reliable sign for the pregnancy is the increase of
prolactin
Which of the following statements regarding the artificial insemination of the dog is correct?
Native semen should be deposited into the vagina, near the external os of the uterus
Polydipsia develops in pyometra due to:
AVP desensibilisation due to endotoxins
Which conservative treatment could you administer in case of canine pyometra?
Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, PGF2a, treatment of acid base
imbalance
What may happen if the gestagen-suppressed proestrus is followed by an ovariectomy?
Pyometra
In cat ovulation is induced by the copulation-induced elevation of:
LH
In cat you suspect the pyometra in case of the following clinical signs:
Abdominal enlargement two months after the oestrus
Which statement is false in domestic carnivores?
The canine pyometra does usually occur some days before the
expected time of estrus
Thrombocytopenia is not induced by one of the followings:
Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate containing
preparations
Duration of regular corpus luteum phase in non-pregnant dogs is?
About 60 days
Which statement is false?
Pyometra occurs usually in bitches, which have been pregnant several times in their life
Which signs is not characteristic for starting a delivery
Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina
Which species has a refracted broken final part, of the soft birth canal?
Dog
Which
of these pain types is responsible for the expulsion of the placenta?
After pains
Which one is the causative agent of pyometra?
Oestrogen and progesterone abnormalities
Preovulatory lutenizationin the bitch means:
Follicles start to produce progesterone before ovulation
Progesterone value in the bitch at the time of LH peak:
2 ng/ml
Progesterone value in the bitch at the ovulation:
5-8 ng/ml
In which fraction is most of the seminal fluid ejaculated in male dog?
Fraction 3
In which stage of mating is most of the seminal fluid ejaculated in male dog?
Stage 2
Cell dyeing for determination of live/death proportion of dog semen:
Giemsa
Mark the correct answer! (dog semen)
The sperm rich fraction is the second fraction of dog semen
Mark the incorrect answer connection with healthy dog semen:
D. Progressive motility: <70%
Vaginoscopy findings: if endoscopic apperance of the vaginal mucosa is red, flat, smooth and dry, it is probably?
Anestrus or diestrus (metestrus)
If apperance of vaginal mucosa is red/pink with large, shiny, oedematous folds and copious serosanguinous discharge, it is characteristic of?
Early pro-estrus
If apperance of vaginal mucosa is dry with large, tacky, pale pink/whitish/creamy and folds are angulated, wrinkled, it is characteristic of?
Estrus
Advised angle and direction of introducing vaginal speculum in the bitch?
45 degree, craniodorsal direction
Which anatomic structure(s) should be avoided when collectiong vaginal smears:
Clitoral fossa and urethral opening
Which hormone cause the thickening of the vaginal mucosa?
Oestrogen
If vaginal cytology shows that more than 75% of the cells are anuclear cornified/keratinized cells it is:
Estrus
In the bitch what may be the consequence of spaying in metestrus?
Pseudopregnancy
In the bitch what may be the consequence of ovariectomy, if the animal is operated during the effect of acting gestagens treatment?
Pyometra
When do you recommend for prophylactic calcium supplementation in the bitch?
After parturition in small-sized dogs
Changes in vaginoscopy findings in bitches during heat depend from?
The progesterone concentration
Which is the immediately indication of caesarean section in small animal practice:
Pregnancy toxaemia
Which one is not a point of view of the narcosis protocol?
The latest literature references
Which one is usable for caesarean section?
Opioids
Which is the first step of caesarean section?
Pre-oxygenation
What do we have to do with the new-borns just after the birth?
Clearing of airways
What do we have to do at first with hypoglycaemic and hypothermia in new-borns?
Glucose infusion
Which one is not the way of fluid therapy in new-borns?
Subcutan
Which one does not predispose the new-borns for septicaemia?
Dilution of commercial milk replacer is higher than prescribed
Which antibiotics can be used during the lactation?
Cephalosporins
What is your diagnosis in the postpartum bitch patient, having high temperature and panting?
Hypocalcaemia
At the end of pregnancy in the dog:
Relaxin concentration reaches the maximum
Which of the below conditions is not a postpartum disease in dogs?
Hyperketonaemia
Which of the below factors is not characteristic for pregnancy toxicosis in bitches?
Alkalosis
Which is not a reason of eclampsia puerperalis?
Liver dysfunction during pregnancy
Which statement does not characterize the LH peak in dogs?
It is induced by ovulation
Which statement is true? Clinical signs of oestrus in dogs are induced by:
Increase in oestrogen concentration
Which order is true in dogs?
Oestrogen increase – LH peak – Oestrogen decrease –
Fertilisation
How could the time of ovulation be determined in dogs?
Measurement of progesterone concentration
What is the expected progesterone concentration at Day 0 of the oestrus cycle in the bitch?
2 ng/ml
Which species is spontaneously ovulating domestic mammals?
Dogs
Which species have induced ovulation?
Cats
How do you stich the uterus after C-section?
Sero-muscularly
When does the dog ovulate?
About 24-48 (<72) hours after the preovulatory LH peak
How long is the duration of pre-ovulatory-like LH peak?
About 6-8 hours
What is the time of ovulation in the dog?
1-2 days after the onset of estrus
When is it good to mate/inseminate the dog ?
3-4 days after preovulatory LH peak
How long is the pregnancy of dog counting from ovulation?
63 +/- 1 day
Which drugs can be used for the treatment of secondary uterine inertia in the dog?
Oxytocin and glucose (oxytocin + calcium)
What does surfactant expression mean?
Surface-active lipoprotein in the lung
What kind of acid-base stance is characteristic for a healthy neonate?
Slight respiratory metabolic acidosis
What is the first thing you have to do with an asphyxiated neonate?
Airway aspiration
What is the marginal haematoma?
Haematoma at the edge of placenta zonaria in carnivores
What does hypercapnia mean?
Blood carbonate concentration increased
Which treatment protocols are suitable for the retention of foetal membranes in dogs and cats?
Ergot alkaloids, antimicrobials and in case of need you do a hysterotomy
Which could be the consequence of asphyxiating?
Cerebral haemorrhage and oedema
After the optimal time of mating, plasma progesterone concentration in bitches…?
Plasma progesterone increases
When do you recommend for prophylactic calcium supplementation in the bitch?
Just in case of eclampsia puerperalis
How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the new-borns?
Mouth to mouth expired air, tracheal tube with AMBU balloon
Which is not characteristic in cats?
Spontaneous ovulation
What is the cause of polyuria in case of pyometra?
Decreased ADH sensitivity of kidney
Why is there a lot of keratinized cells in cytology of dog during oestrus, and which hormone is responsible for this?
To decrease irritation to the vagina during copulation and the hormone is estrogen
What does it mean when before giving birth something like egg-white comes out of the dogs vagina?
Dissolving of the cervical plug
How do you know there was ovulation by dog (which hormone used to detect ovulation)?
P4 = 3-5 ng/mL (>2: LH peak is coming)
Which stimulates the secretion of prolactin?
Serotonin
Which one is not characteristic in pseudopregnancy of cats?
Milk can be obtained
Which hormone causes the slight decrease of body temperature, right before parturition in dog?
Progesterone
When can you see cornificated cells in the vaginal smear of dog?
Oestrous
What is the first step in the treatment of an orphaned puppy?
Measure the body temperature
Which one is true?
The newborn kittens need a 30-32 degrees environmental temperature in the first days
Which is the most important accessory gland in dog?
Prostate gland
What signal for maternal recognition in dog?
No signal
The amount of sperm that you need for artificial fertilization in dogs?
150-200x10^6 to be successful
How long is the gestation period (pregnancy) of the dog?
62-63 days +/-2 days
How long is the gestation period (pregnancy) of the cat?
63-65 days
The mare’s uterus is
Uterus bicornus subseptus
