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1
Q

mutation in sonic hedgehog gene causes:

A

holoprosencephaly

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2
Q

mutation in hox gene causes

A

limbs in wrong locations

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3
Q

provides lengthening of limbs

A

FGF gene

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4
Q

necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral column

A

wnt-7

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5
Q

which week: hCG secretion begins

A

w/in week 1

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6
Q

which week: bilaminar disc (epiplast and hypoblast)

A

w/in week 2

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7
Q

which week: gastrulation form trilaminar embryonic disc; cells from epiblast invaginate-> primitive streak-> endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm; notochord arises from midline mesoderm; overlying ectoderm becomes neural plate

A

w/in week 3

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8
Q

which week: neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week ____; ORGANOGENESIS

A

week 3-8

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9
Q

which week: heart begins to beat; upper and lower limb buds form

A

week 4 (4 weeks= 4 limbs and 4 chamber heart)

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10
Q

which week: fetal movement starts

A

gait at week EIGHT

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11
Q

which week: GENITALIA have male/female characteristics

A

TENitalia

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12
Q

benign rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications is derived from which layer?

A

craniopharyngioma= surface ECTOderm

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13
Q

what are the derivatives of the neural crest

A 
MAGIC COPS
melanocytes
aorticopulmonary septum
ganglia (DRG)
iris
cranial nerves
chromaffin cells
odontoblasts
PNS
schwann cells
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14
Q

mesodermal defects= ?

A 
VACTERL
vertebral defects
anal atresia
cardiac defects
tracheo-esophageal fistula
renal defects
limb defects
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15
Q

dizygotic twins arise from ____

A

2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm; will have 2 separate sacs and placenta (chorions)

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16
Q

monozygotic twins arise from:

A

1 fertilized egg that splits in early pregnancy

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17
Q

placenta layer that synthesizes and secretes hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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18
Q

how many umbilical vessels?

A

TWO arteries with deox blood; ONE ve1n with oxygenated blood

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19
Q

urine discharge from umbilicus is a failure of what to obliterate

A

urachus

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20
Q

meconium discharge from umbilicus is due to defect of

A

vitilline fistula

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21
Q

meckel diverticulum

A

vitelline duct

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22
Q

1st arch derivative

A

maxillary artery

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23
Q

2nd aortic arch derivatives

A

stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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24
Q

3rd aortic arch derivative

A

common carotid artery

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25
Q

4th aortic arch derivative

A

left aortic arch; right proximal right subclavian

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26
Q

6th aortic arch derivative

A

pulmonary arteries

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27
Q

1st brachial cleft

A

external auditory meatus

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28
Q

cyst within lateral neck; does not move during swallowing

A

brachial cleft cyst

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29
Q

micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction

A

pierre robin sequence- 2nd and 3rd brachial arch messed up

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30
Q

neural crest dysfunction-> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

A

treacher collins

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31
Q

1st arch derivatives

A

M (max, mand, muscles of mastication)

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32
Q

2nd arch derivatives

A

S (stapes, styloid, smile)

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33
Q

3rd arch derivatives

A

pharyngeus

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34
Q

4 and 6th arch derivatives

A

Cricoid, thyroid

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35
Q

rmr the arch derivatives with: eating at mcdonalds golden arches:

A

1.chew 2.smile 3.swallow stylishly 4. simply swallow 6. speak

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36
Q

failure of fusion of the max and medial nasal process

A

cleft lip

37
Q

failure of fusion of the 2 lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with nasal septum

A

cleft palate

38
Q

how does a fetus become a male?

A

SRY-> testis determining factor
sertoli cells-> mullarian inhibitory factor
leydig cells-> androgens-> mesonephric ducts develop

39
Q

primary amenorrhea (lack of uterine development) in females with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics (functional ovaries)

A

Mullerian agenesis

40
Q

wolffian duct develops into:

A

SEED; seminal vesicle, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens

41
Q

male female homologs: genial tubercle

A

glans clit= glans penis

vestibular bulbs= corpus cav and spong

42
Q

m/f homologs: urogenital sinus

A

greater vestibular glands= bulbourethral glands

skene= prostate

43
Q

m/f homologs: urogenital folds

A

minora= ventral shaft

44
Q

m/f homologs: labioscrotal swelling

A

majora= scrotum

45
Q

abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface of penis due to FAILURE OF URETHRAL FOLDS TO FUSE

A

hypospadias

46
Q

abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface of penis due to FAULTY POSITIONING OF GENITAL TUBERCLE

A

epispadias

47
Q

ligate vessels during oophorectomy to avoid bleeding= ureter courses retro, close to gonadal vessles and youre at risk injury him. which ligament?

A

infundibular (suspensory) ligament

48
Q

do a hysterectomy, then she complains of fever and flank pain. you done nicked the ureter. what ligament did you mess with

A

cardinal

49
Q

derivative of the gubernaculum. uterine fundus to labia majora

A

round ligament

50
Q

pathway of sperm during ejaculation

A

SEVEN UP

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas D, ejeculatory ducts, nothing, urethra, penis

51
Q

sertoli cells secrete 2 things:

A

inhibit B, androgen binding protein

52
Q

what 3 hormones cause lactation?

A
  1. decreased progesterone after delivery
  2. increased oxytocin
  3. increased prolactin
53
Q

oogenesis. what stage is arrested from birth to puberty

A

meiosis I arrested in prOphase 1 until Ovulation

54
Q

oogenesis. what stage is arrested from ovulation until fertilization

A

meiosis II arrested in METaphase II (egg MET sperm)

55
Q

what hormones increases temp during ovulation?

A

progesterone

56
Q

levels of hormones leading to ovulation

A

increased estrogen-> increased GnRH receptors on and pit; estrogen surge-> LH release->ovulation

57
Q

calculate gestational age

A

date of last period

58
Q

calculate embryoinic age

A

date of conception (gestational age- 2 weeks)

59
Q

phys of pregnancy:

  1. cardiac output
  2. heart rate
  3. coag
  4. vent
A
  1. INCREASE CO (increase preload; decrease afterload)
  2. increase HR
  3. HYPERcoag
  4. HYPERventilation (eliminate fetal CO2)
60
Q

HI beta hCG levels think: (4)

A

down syndrome, multiple gestations, hydatidiform mole, chorioCA

61
Q

low beta hCG think: 3

A

ectopic/failed pregnancy, Patau, Edward

62
Q

fxn of human placental lactogen

A

stimulates insulin produciton

63
Q

APGAR based on:

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

64
Q

exclusively breastfed infants require:

A

vit D

65
Q

hormonal changes in menopause:

estrogen, FHS, LH, GnRH

A

lo estrogen
WAY HI FSH
hi LH
hi GnRH

66
Q

testicular atrophy, tall, long extremities, gynocomastia, infertile. tell me about the hormones

A

klinefelter 47 XXY;
dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules= low inhbin B= HI FSH
abnormal leydig cells= low testosterone= hi LH= hi estrogen

67
Q

short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve or coarctation of aorta, webbed neck, cystic hygroma, horseshoe kidney

A

turner 45XO

68
Q

young girl comes in with gemale external genitalia, scant axillary and pubic hair, rudimentary vagina, 2 lumps in groin, uterus and fallopian tubes are absent

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome

69
Q

hormone levels in androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

UP: estrogen, testosterone, LH

70
Q

how do you tx hydatidiform mole?

A

D and C

71
Q

honeycombed uterus, US= snowstorm appearance

A

hydatidiform mole

72
Q

abnormal increased b-hCG, SOB, hemoptysis, “cannonball metastasis” to lungs

A

choriocarcinoma

73
Q

abrupt PAINFUL bleeding in 3rd trimester; a/w smoking, HTN, cocaine; life threatenting

A

placental abruption

74
Q

no separation of placenta after delivery, can cause sheehan syndrome

A

placenta accreta/increata/percreta

75
Q

painLESS 3rd trimester bleeding

A

placenta previa

76
Q 
fetal vessels run near cervical os, may result in vessel rupture, exsanguination, fetal death. TRIAD: 
1. membrane rupture
2. painLESS bleeding
3. fetal bradycardia
what should you do?
A

vasa previa; emergency C section

77
Q

preeclampsia is caused by:

A

abnormal placental spiral arteries-> endothelial dysfxn, vasoC, ischemia

78
Q

tx preeclampsia

A

antihtn, iv mag sulfate, delivery if late enough

79
Q

tx exlampsia

A

IMMEDIATE delivery, iv mag sulfate, antihtns

80
Q

tx HELLP syndrome

A

IMMEDIATE delivery

81
Q

hellp syndrome can lead to what in the liver

A

hepatic subcapsular hematomas-> rupture->severe hypOtension

82
Q

pathognomonic hormone level for PCOS

A

way hi LH to FSH ratio

83
Q

most common ovarian mass in young women

A

follicular cyst

84
Q

most common adenexal mass in women > 55YO

A

ovarian neoplasms

85
Q

most common ovarian neoplams; lined with fallopian tuble-like epithelium

A

serous cystadenoma

86
Q

pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, “chocolate cyst”

A

endometrioma

87
Q

coffee bean nuclei on HandE, solid tumor that is pale yellow

A

brenner tumor

88
Q

triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax. pulling sensation in groin

A

meigs

89
Q

most common malignant stromal tumor; call-exner bodies

A

granulosa cell tumor

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